Physical Development of Infants What is the difference

Physical Development of Infants What is the difference between growth and development? Chapter 7. 1

Patterns of Physical Development Growth and Development are NOT the same thing. . . Growth - refers to changes in size. Development - refers to increases and changes in physical, social, emotional, and intellectual skills.

An infant’s physical development follows (3) basic patterns:

1) Head to Foot This pattern begins long before birth. Growth and control begin with the head and then moves down the body to the arms/hands and then to their legs/feet. Ex: lift their head to see an object

2) Near to Far Development begins close to the trunk of the body and moves outward. Example: baby waves arms, then can grab something with their fist, then can pick up objects with fingers.

3) Simple to Complex Babies first develop their large muscle groups: legs, trunk, arms. As they strengthen and gain control over these muscles, they learn to do more complex tasks. Ex. The change from sitting up to crawling to walking (or) Coloring = Learn to move arms, then fingers to grasp and finally ability to control crayon.

Influences on Growth and Development Milestones= Key skills used to check a child’s progress. (average) v Heredity v Nutrition v Health v Experiences v Environment (Stimulating Environment) (wide variety of things to see, taste, smell, hear, and touch)

Growth During the First Year (Birth to age 1: triple their birth weight) Growth Charts= Show average weight and height of girls and boys at various ages. Males Females Age Length/in. Weight/lbs Birth 19 ¾ 7. 5 19 ½ 7. 5 3 months 24 13 23 ½ 12. 5 6 months 26 ½ 17. 5 25 ½ 15. 5 9 months 28 20. 5 27 ½ 18. 75 12 months 29 22. 5 29 21

Weight and Length Babies triple their weight and increase their length (height) by 50 percent by year one. This slows dramatically after their first birthday. › For ex: gain 1 -2 lbs per month for first six months and then for the next six months it is 1 lb per month. › Heredity more strongly influences height than weight.

Developing During the First Year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Vision Using your textbook (Pg. 217 Hearing 224), fill in the chart Touch pertaining to the different Smell & Taste types of development that take place during the first Voice year. Motor Skills Reflexes Hand eye coordination

Reflexes Newborns have a set of automatic reflexes: › Sucking- when something is put in babies mouth they will begin to suck › Rooting- baby will turn their face when their check is stroked › Grasp- newborn will close hand around something that comes in contact with their palm › Moro- automatic response to loud noise or sudden touch. Arms and fingers extend, legs are thrown out, & then brought back in quickly

Motor Skills Babies have little control over muscles Most movements due to reflexes- instinctive, automatic responses. › Ex: grasping or sucking Gross (large) motor skills- use large muscles of the body such as legs or shoulders. › Ex: waving arms, turn head, kick legs Fine (small) motor skills- involve smaller muscles such as fingers. › Ex: open & close hands (at 3 months), hold toys

Handling Babies Head support: Neck muscles are not strong enough to hold head up o By about four months of age, babies can hold up their head without support. NEVER, NEVER SHAKE A BABY! Shaken Baby Syndrome= A condition that occurs when a baby is severely shaken, causing mental disabilities, cerebral palsy, or blindness. Broken bones or death.

When the Caregiver is Tired and Baby Cries a lot: v Natural v High to feel FRUSTRATED Risk of LOSING CONTROL v PLAN AHEAD WHAT TO DO!

1) Baby’s brain bangs against skull. 2) Small blood vessels are torn - bleeding 3) Blood clots press on brain. 4) Vertebrae crush the spinal cord. Can lead to: • BRAIN DAMAGE • LEARNING DISABILITIES • PHYSICAL DISABILITIES • PARALYSIS • BLINDNESS • DEATH may occur.

SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME DEMO (with doll): Shaking Begins (back two lights go on) › The part of the brain that controls vision has been injured and the baby can suffer visual disorders or blindness. Shaking Continues (front two lights go on) › The part of the brain that controls memory and emotion has been injured. The child can suffer cognitive and emotional disabilities leading to learning and behavioral disorders. Shaking Continues (side lights go on) › The part of the brain that controls movement of the arms and legs, the ability to speak and the ability to process what is heard has been injured. The child can suffer numerous, severe disabilities and may die.

With a partner, BRAINSTORM ways to COPE with CRYING: 1. If I have tried changing the baby, feeding the baby, and meeting all of his needs, what can I do to help soothe baby? 2. If the baby can’t be soothed and I feel my frustration rising, where can I put the baby that is safe? 3. What can I do to help myself calm down?

Caring for an Infant (Chapter 7. 2) (Infomercial Info!)

Ensuring Adequate Sleep Babies, children, and teens release chemicals during sleep for growth. Bedtime Routines- help baby settle down v Sleep Patternsv >Newborns: 12 -20 hrs >3 months: 14 -15 hrs >4 months: 12 -14 hrs >6 months: 12 -14 hrs >1 year: 12 hrs (9 -10 hr sleeping through night) Responding to Cries- any cry longer than 15 minutes should not be ignored.

Sleep! Babies Need it! Sleep is essential for growth and development! Some infants sleep need more than others…active babies usually sleep more than non -active ones. A newborn may sleep up to 16 hours a day! Takes about four or five naps a day, each about 3 to 4 hours. › 3 months -14 -15 hours (Takes longer naps and sleeps a little longer at night). › 4 months -12 -14 hours (Takes midmorning and late afternoon nap. Sleeps much of the night) › 6 months -12 -14 hours. (Takes two long naps and sleeps about six hours at night) › 1 year - 12 hours (May take one or two naps and sleeps 9 to 10 hours at night)

Sleep! Babies Need it! Baby should be fed, burped, and placed in crib. Establish a consistent bedtime routine: bath, reading, rocking. Nothing should be in the crib except a fitted sheet. Place babies on their back to sleep. Babies need to be put to sleep on their backs to prevent SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) What is it? › Unexpected death of an infant with no obvious cause during sleep Who is at risk? › Infants up to 12 months but most are under 6 months What is the cause? › Unknown Groups at risk: › Male babies with low birth weight, premature babies, babies who lives with a person who smokes, babies whose mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy and babies who sleep on stomach

Feeding Babies Nutritional needs up until 6 months solely depend on breast milk or formula! Babies under one should never be fed cow’s milk because it is hard for them to digest and lacks important nutrients. Breast Milk (1 year) Formula All nutrients Cow’s milk or soy based Antibodies: boost immune system Modified to prevent digestive issues Germ-free and easy to digest Has vitamin D Fewer infections, allergies, and less 3 forms: ready to use, concentrated, likely to develop asthma and powder 8 -12 times a day or more 5 -7 times a day

Feeding Continued… Introduce solid foods about 4 -6 months. (thin rice cereal, pureed fruits, veggies and cooked meats). When babies can sit up steadily in a high chair (about 810 months), they can start to eat finger food (small pieces of food that can be easily picked up-dry toast, cereal, cooked pasta) Nine-twelve months begin weaning. (Process of changing from drinking from bottle or breast to a cup) Malnutrition- Babies who do not receive the right types of foods may suffer from this (inadequate nutrition). Can cause lasting physical problems & poor brain development leading to learning problems!

How do you know if an object is safe? ! e h t h g u o r h t ! e s f t i a f If it e, not s hol

Burping Babies often swallow air as they drink. Babies need to be burped at least twice during each feeding to expel this air. Usually half way through and then at the end. Without burping, a baby may spit up, become irritable or have gas. Find the most comfortable position to burp a baby. Pat the baby gently on the back to induce the burp. Protect your clothing. It is okay for them not to burp each time as long as you try.

Additional Care Bathing a Baby: Sponge bath until naval heals (By Week 2 or 3) Tub bath – Gather everything you need for the bath-don’t leave baby alone even for a minute! 2 -3 per week › Check water temperature! › Put baby in tub and SUPPORT neck! › Wash baby… › Be careful getting baby out! Cradle cap-skin condition known for yellowish crusty patches on the scalp.

Additional Care Diapering: • 12 -15 times each day. Remove diaper & clean baby. 2. Put on a fresh diaper Hold the babies ankles and lift the body to slide the diaper underneath the baby Fasten it together… Always HOLD the baby! 3. Dispose of used supplies 1.

Additional Care Dressing a Baby: Clothes often made of knit fabrics › Comfortable & stretchy; Easy for infant to move Dress in one more layer than you need Many newborns spend most of their time in infant bodysuits (“onesies”) › Need more durable clothes that allow for movement as they begin to learn how to crawl Clothing size determined by a baby’s weight and age, but weight is a more reliable guide Comfort and ease are important Different types of clothing require different ways to properly dress an infant

Baby’s Teething= Refers to the process of the teeth pushing their way through the gums. Teeth begin to develop at 6 th week of pregnancy. (begin to clean teeth) v Primary or “baby” teeth don’t come in until about 6 th months of age until 20 months. v Teething is painful due to swelling and tenderness of gums, so baby’s fuss, drool, and want to chew on something hard.

Immunizations Checkups: 1 mo. , 2 mo. , 4 mo. , 6 mo. 9 mo. , and 12 mo. Illness Regular Checkups Immunizations= giving the body a small amount of a disease-carrying germ so that the body is able to build resistance. Vaccine= Injected in the body. State laws and schools require certain immunizations. Watch for irritability, lack of energy, constipation, nasal congestion, coughing, diarrhea, rashes, vomiting, &fever to detect illness!!