Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood Chapter

Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood Chapter 13 © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 1

Guideposts for Study l l l What does it mean to be an adult, and what factors affect the timing of entrance to adulthood? In what physical condition is the typical young adult, and what factors affect health and well-being? What are some sexual issues of this time of life? What is distinctive about adult thought? How do emerging adults make the transition to higher education and work, and how do these experiences affect cognitive development? © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 2

Emerging Adulthood Three criteria most people use for adulthood: l Accepting responsibility for oneself l Making independent decisions l Becoming financially independent Emerging adulthood—transitional time—no longer adolescent but have not yet settled into adult roles © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 3

Health Status in Young Adulthood l l l Most young adults are healthy (95%) Prime physical condition Health may be influence by the genes, but behavioral factors Accidents are the leading cause of death However, too many: – – Overweight Exercise too little © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 4

Genetic Influences on Health Many disorders have roots in genetics: – – – Obesity Some cancers – lung, prostate, and breast High cholesterol © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 5

Preventative Measures for Health l l l Regular screening tests Pap smears, self-exams of breasts Good posture (carpal tunnel syndrome penyakit pd pergelangan tangan) Physical activity Sleep © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 6

Diet and Nutrition l Proper Diet – – – Limited saturated fats (lemak jenuh) Limited red or processed meats 5 fruits and 5 vegetables each day © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 7

Obesity Prevalence © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 8

Risks to Health in Young Adulthood l l Obesity/overweight – Ngemil, porsi berlebihan, makanan berlemak, labor-saving technology, televise dan computer. Infrequent physical activity Smoking Alcohol use or abuse Especially risky during college years © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 9

Drug Use by Age © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 10

Indirect Influences on Health l l SES and race/ethnicity Relationships – – Social Integration keterlibatan aktif dalam berbagai hubungan, kegiatan, dan peran social. Social Support mengacu pada materi informasi, dan sumber daya psikologis yang berasal dari jaringan sosial, di mana seseorang dapat mengandalkan bantuan dalam menghadapi stres. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 11

Mental Health Problems l l l Alcoholism impusilf drinking, susah dikontrol. Adiktif menimbulkan Antisocial behavior menurun Depression 15 – 22, increase gradually © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 12

Sexual and Reproductive Issues l Behavior and attitudes – – – Almost all U. S. adults have had sexual relations before marriage, Variety in sexual activities is common. Casual sex is fairly common, especially on college campuses. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 13

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) l l Physical and emotional discomfort two weeks prior to menstruation Dapat diminimalisir dg cukup olah raga, makan teratur, makan karbo dan kurangi garam, cukup tidur dll dysmenorrhea Symptoms: – – Fatigue and headaches Swelling and tenderness of breasts Kembul, mual, kram 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc Anxiety, depression, irritability, ©mood swings 14

STDs l l l Half of all adults have had an STD by age 24. Highest rates are among teens and young adults. Number of people living with HIV has risen worldwide. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 15

Infertility l l l Inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of trying Experienced by 7% of U. S. couples Most common cause – low sperm count Perempuan kesuburan berkurang saat 30 th In women, common causes include: – – – Failure to produce ova or abnormal ova Mucus in the cervix © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc Endometriosis 16

Box 13. 1 Assisted Reproduction Technology l l l In vitro fertilization (IVF) In vitro maturation (IVM) Artificial insemination Ovum transfer Surrogate motherhood Legal and ethical issues © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 17

Cognition in Adulthood: Reflective Thinking l l l Secara aktif dan terus-menerus mempertimbangkan informasi atau keyakinan Mempertanyakan fakta seharusnya, menarik kesimpulan, dan membuat koneksi Reflective thinker dpt menciptakan system intelektual yg dpt mempertemukan berbagai ide atau pertimbangan Dukungan lingkungan berpengaruh Emerges between 20 and 25 years Cortical regions with enriched myelination © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 18

Postformal Thought the higher stage of adult cognition l Ability to deal with: – – – l Uncertainty and inconsistency Contradiction Imperfection and compromise Draws on: – – – Intuition Emotion Logic © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 19

Components of Postformal Thought l l l l Shifting gears dpt mempertimbangkan dunia nyata Problem definition dapat menentukan masalah Process-product shift dpt menentukan solusi u/ suatu masalah dg baik Pragmatism dpt memilih solusi terbaik dr solusi 2 yg tersedia Multiple solutions menyadari bahwa setiap masalah terjadi karna beberapa penyebab; sehingga banyak metode yg bisa dipakai Awareness of paradox menyadari bahwa masalah atau solusi melibatkan konflik Self-referential thought sso menyadari bhw ia harus mjd penentu atas logika apa yg akan digunakan © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 20

Emotional Intelligence (EI) l l l The ability to recognize and deal with one’s own feelings and the feelings of others Self-awareness Self-management Social awareness Relationship management © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 21

Culture and Moral Reasoning l l Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas Examples of cultural bias: – – Buddhist monks score low because of their principles of nonviolence and cooperation. The premise of the dilemma is unbelievable to Chinese villagers. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 22

Gender and Moral Reasoning l Gilligan found Kohlberg’s dilemmas gender-biased. – l Favor masculine justice views over feminine compassion Other research has not found gender bias. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 23

Box 13. 2 Faith across the Lifespan Fowler’s model 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Intuitive-projective faith Mythic-literal faith Synthetic conventional faith Individuative-reflective faith Conjunctive faith Universalizing faith © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 24

The College Transition l l l U. S. college enrollment at record high 38% of all 18 - to 24 -year-olds Mostly due to increasing numbers of females – 56% of undergraduates © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 25

Adjusting to College Key Factors to Adjustment: l l l Financial support Emotional support Adaptability High aptitude and problem solving skills Engaged in studies and social environment © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 26

Cognitive Growth in College Thinking progresses from: Rigidity (kekakuan) Flexibility Freely chosen commitments l Ultimately, commitment within relativism membuat keputusan mereka sendiri mengenai values dan kepercayaan © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 27

Community College & Occupational Education l l l 37% of undergraduates are enrolled in 2 -year community colleges. Students tend to be older, female, from minority or low income families, and independent of their parents. A significant proportion are enrolled to enhance job skills. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 28

Completing College l l Only 1 out of 4 who start college has a degree within 5 years Completing college depends upon: – – Motivation and aptitude Ability to work independently Social integration and support Fit between school and student © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 29

Cognitive Growth at Work l Substantive Complexity of Work – – – l Tingkat pemikiran dan penilaian independen yang dibutuhkan Sejauh mana pekerjaan seseorang membutuhkan pemikiran dan keputusanyang independen Fleksibilitas seseorang dalam menghadapi tuntutan kognitif Spillover Hypothesis – Cognitive gains from work carry over to © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc nonworking hours 30

Combining Work and School l l Working part-time can help students organize their time and learn work habits. But, more than 15 -20 hours per week can have a negative impact. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 31

Combining Work and School © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 32

Some Measures to Ease School-to-Work Transition l l l Improve dialogues between schools and employers. Make school and work schedules compatible. Increase availability of part-time work. Let employers design work-study programs. Improve training of vocational counselors. © 2009 by the Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc 33