Phylum Arthropoda 1 Phylum Arthropoda means jointed feet

Phylum Arthropoda

1. Phylum Arthropoda –means “jointed feet” 2. Characteristics a. Segmented bodies b. Jointed appendages c. Exoskeleton

• Appendages – limbs that extend off the main body section of an organism. • Exoskeleton – tough external covering that protects and supports the body , made of chitin. • Chitin – Protein and a carbohydrate that makes the exoskeleton strong.

1). 3 layers of the exoskeleton a) Outer – waxy, repels water. b) Middle – Hardened by tough additional calcium. c) Inner – Muscle attachment, flexible at joints, chitin.

2. Feeding A. Very Diverse – filter feeders, detritus feeders, carnivores, herbivores, blood suckers. 3. Antennae – feelers, sense appendages. 4. Compound Eyes – multiple lens, seeing multiple images.

5. Respiration A. Aquatic species breathe through gills. 1. Feathery structures that diffuse oxygen from the surrounding water. B. Horseshoe crabs breathe through book gills. C. Arachnids breathe through book lungs. D. Terrestrial arthropods breathe through tracheal tubes. 1. Tubes that transport oxygen. 6. Open circulatory system 7. Well developed nervous system and sense organs.

8. Molting – a process induced by hormones A. Shedding its skin covering and manufacturing a larger one. This may occur multiple times so it may reach its mature size. B. New skin is soft and animal is vulnerable and hides until it hardens.

Arachnids

10. Subphylum Chelicerata 2 classes (Aracnids and Merostomata) A. Examples – spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs. B. Body is divided into 2 parts: cephalothorax and abdomen. C. Chelicerae are specialized mouthpart called fangs, used to stab and paralyze prey. D. Pedipalps – longer than chelicerae, and are mostly used to grab prey.

Chelicerae Pedipalps

E. Class Arachnida – Spiders, mites, ticks and scorpions. • • • A. Cephalothorax – Head and Thorax combo. B. Abdomen- Last section C. Chelicerae – modified fangs D. 8 simple eyes E. 4 pairs of legs attached to the cephalothorax F. Spinnerets – web weaving organ – 1) webs, homes, capture food, store food – 2) Ballooning – young use silk to fly away from nest to relocate.

• G. Book lungs- paired sac with folds that increases surface area for respiration. • H. Tracheal Tubes– some spiders have this tube that carries oxygen directly to tissues. • I. Spiracles – Holes in abdomen that attach to trachea that allow oxygen to enter. • J. Malpighian tubules – excretory organs that extract waste from the blood and transport it to the feces. • K. Coxal Gland – another excretory gland in some spiders that discharge waste through openings at the base of some legs.

Camel Spider

Crustaceans

Subphylum Crustacea A. Examples – crab, lobster, shrimp, crayfish, types of plankton, barnacles (sessile existence) rolly pollies. 11. B. Nauplius – Free swimming larvae C. Two pairs of antennae D. Several pairs of mouthparts E. Branched appendages

12. Anatomy of a crayfish A. External 1. Cephalothorax- Combo. Head/thorax covered by the carapace. 2. Abdomen - tail A). Telson – 7 th single segment, flat paddle, posterior end. B). Uropod – 6 th paired seg. Helps propel crayfish in a tail flip. (backwards movement) 3. Antennules- Feelers, touch, taste, and equilibrium. 4. Antennae – feelers, touch and taste.

5. Maxillae – manipulate food, respiration. (create a water flow) 6. Maxillipeds – 3 pairs, manipulate food. 7. Mandibles – jaws for chewing and crushing. 8. Chelipeds – large claws, food and defense 9. Walking legs – 4 pairs 10. Swimmerets – appendages attach to abdomen used to hold eggs during reproduction. ( also create a water flow to aerate the eggs)

13. Crayfish systems A. Digestion – stomach contains small teeth to grind food that enters. B. Respiration – Gills that extend from the base of the walking legs. Water is circulated as it walks pushing it over the gills. C. Circulation – Open system, heart pumps hemolymph.

D. Excretion – Green glands found at the base of the antennae release excess water. E. Nervous system – pair of ganglia F. Statocysts – Cells that contain particle of calcium that move when the crayfishes body is upside down, The movement of these particle alerts crayfish to flip itself back right side up.

• Chilopoda and Diplopoda

14. Subphylum Uniramia –Centipedes, millipedes and insects. A. Class Chilopoda 1. Centipedes a). One pair of leg per segment b). Flattened body c). Pair of poisonous claw-like appendages that inject venom into it’s prey d). Nocturnal e). Carnivore

B. Class Diplopoda 1. Millipede a) Two pairs of legs per segment. b) Rounded body c) Eat during the day light d) Release chemical toxin when curled up. e) Herbivore