Phrases Prepositional Phrases Appositives Participles Gerunds and Infinitives

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Phrases Prepositional Phrases, Appositives, Participles, Gerunds, and Infinitives

Phrases Prepositional Phrases, Appositives, Participles, Gerunds, and Infinitives

Prepositional Phrases �Can function as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns by telling what kind?

Prepositional Phrases �Can function as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns by telling what kind? or which one? �Examples of Adjective Phrases �The tepee of buffalo hide was sturdy. �The decoration on the hide was painted carefully. �The drawing of a warrior on the tepee was painted in red.

Prepositional Phrases �Can function as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns by telling what kind?

Prepositional Phrases �Can function as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns by telling what kind? or which one? �Examples of Adjective Phrases �The tepee of buffalo hide was sturdy. �The decoration on the hide was painted carefully. �The drawing of a warrior on the tepee was painted in red. �Create your own examples of adjective phrases.

Prepositional Phrases �Can function as adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, or adverbs by telling When?

Prepositional Phrases �Can function as adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, or adverbs by telling When? Where? How? or to what extent? �Examples of Adverb Phrases �Modifying a verb: � Abstract animal figures were carved in totem poles. � Southwestern art dates back before Columbus. �Modifying an adjective: � The forest was quiet before dawn. � They are happiest at the playground. �Modifying an adverb: � He arrived late for lunch. �Create your own examples of adverb phrases.

Appositives �An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed near another noun or pronoun

Appositives �An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed near another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain it. �Examples �A tribe of the Northeast, the Iroquois, made pottery, baskets, beadwork, and quill work. � (Notice – the appositive is set of by commas which indicates that the appositive in NOT essential to the meaning of the sentence. �The Native American writer N. Scott Momaday won a Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Made of Dawn. � (Notice the appositives are NOT set of by commas because they ARE ESSENTIAL to the meaning of the sentence. �Symbols of wealth, copper and horses, were important to Northwestern tribes. � (Notice: appositives can be compounded. )

Appositive Phrases �An appositive phrase is a noun or pronoun with modifiers, placed next

Appositive Phrases �An appositive phrase is a noun or pronoun with modifiers, placed next to a noun or pronoun to add information and details. �Examples �The horrible smoke, a blend of burnt rubber and industrial fumes, made her choke. �The man took his daughter, a talented artist, to see Native American paintings. �The dog, a large Saint Bernard, crushed the flowers in the garden.

Appositives and Appositive Phrases �An appositives and appositive phrases can be used to combine

Appositives and Appositive Phrases �An appositives and appositive phrases can be used to combine sentences with similar ideas. �Examples �The Navajo is a tribe in the West. They developed silverworking skills for making jewelry. �The Navajo, a tribe in the West, developed silver-working skills for making jewelry. �Sugar cane is a plant with a long stem. It was used to make armor for Creek warriors. �Sugar cane, a plant with a long stem, was used to make armor for Creek warriors.

Participles �A participle is a form of a verb that can act as an

Participles �A participle is a form of a verb that can act as an adjective. �Present Participles �A whining sound came from the man’s horse. �Competing, each tribe tried to show off its riches. �Past Participles �The ground corn was used to make tortillas. �Disgusted, Len walked away without saying goodbye.

Participle or Verb? �The same words can be used as verbs or as participles.

Participle or Verb? �The same words can be used as verbs or as participles. �Because verbs often have endings such as –ing or –ed, you must be careful not to confuse them with participles acting as adjectives. �Verbs �The train was chugging down the track. �The directions confused her. �Participles �The chugging train puffed down the track. �Confused, she could not follow the directions.

Participial Phrases �A participial phrase is a participle modified by an adverb or adverb

Participial Phrases �A participial phrase is a participle modified by an adverb or adverb phrase or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an adjective. �Examples: �Studying carefully, she learned much about Native American people. �Frightened by its sudden appearance, I yelled, “Snake!” �Her sister, using a calm voice, told us to stand still.

Participial Phrases �Placement – A participial phrase can usually be placed either before or

Participial Phrases �Placement – A participial phrase can usually be placed either before or after the word it modifies. �Gleaming in the sun, Aztec temples and towers were awesome. �Aztec temples and towers, gleaming in the sun, were awesome. �Punctuation – Participial phrases may be set off by commas as you have seen in the previous examples. However, when a participial phrase distinguishes one person, place or thing from another, it is NOT set off by commas. �The man wearing the war bonnet was a chief of the Sioux people.

Gerunds �A gerund is a form of a verb that acts as a noun.

Gerunds �A gerund is a form of a verb that acts as a noun. �Gerunds always end in –ing and always act as a noun. �Example �Subject – Public speaking is often feared. �Direct Object – On their vacation, the Millers discovered canoeing. �Indirect Object - His performance gives acting a bad name. �Predicate Nominative – One relaxing exercise is swimming. �Object of a Preposition – The Aztecs obtained much of their food by fishing. �Appositive – I have a new hobby, cooking.

Gerund Phrases �A gerund phrase is a gerund with modifiers or complements. �Examples �Subject

Gerund Phrases �A gerund phrase is a gerund with modifiers or complements. �Examples �Subject – Carving in stone was how the Aztecs made their calendars. �Direct Object – Vicki’s morning routine includes showering leisurely. �Indirect Object - His performance gives acting a bad name. �Predicate Nominative – Denise’s greatest accomplishment was weaving a blanket. �Object of a Preposition – The Aztecs were skilled at building in dense forests. �Appositive – I have a new hobby, baking decorative cakes.

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases �A gerund is a form of a verb that acts

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases �A gerund is a form of a verb that acts as a noun. �Gerunds always end in –ing and function as nouns. �Subject: �Writing essays can be difficult for some. �Direct Object: �On their vacation, the Smiths discovered canoeing. �Indirect Object: �His performance gives acting a bad name. �Predicate Nominative: �One relaxing exercise is swimming. �Object of a Preposition: �The Aztecs obtained much of their food by fishing. �Appositive: �I have a new hobby, cooking.

Verb, Participle, or Gerund? �Sometimes distinguishing between verbs, participles, and gerunds can be difficult.

Verb, Participle, or Gerund? �Sometimes distinguishing between verbs, participles, and gerunds can be difficult. �Verb: �Samson is cooking dinner. �Participle: �Cooking dinner, Samson moved quickly around the kitchen. �Gerund: �Cooking dinner is usually Samson’s responsibility.

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases �An infinitive is a form of a verb that generally

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases �An infinitive is a form of a verb that generally appears with the word to and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb. �Examples: �Subject � To succeed requires perseverance. �Direct Object � Alone and frightened, she wanted to survive. �Predicate Nominative � The purpose of pictures was to record an idea. �Object of a Preposition � He had no choice except to relent. �Appositive � His goal, to travel, was never realized.

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases �Examples: �Adjective � The team lost its will to finish

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases �Examples: �Adjective � The team lost its will to finish the season. (describes will; notice it follows a direct object. ) �Adverb � I was sad to leave Disneyworld. (answers why I was sad; notice it follows a predicate adjective. ) � Andy worked to overcome the obstacle. (answers why Andy worked; notice it follows an action verb but it DOES NOT answer the question – “what? ”

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases �Other points about infinitives. �Infinitives used as direct objects can

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases �Other points about infinitives. �Infinitives used as direct objects can have a subject that precedes them: � We wanted her to clean the garage. (direct object) �Hidden infinitives are infinitives without “to”. � I’ll help build the birdhouse. (to build – direct object)