PHP Scripting language Ludovico Antonio Muratori Ci S

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PHP Scripting language Ludovico Antonio Muratori Ci S. B. i. C. snc Cesena, ITALY

PHP Scripting language Ludovico Antonio Muratori Ci S. B. i. C. snc Cesena, ITALY

Introduction to PHP ● “PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for the

Introduction to PHP ● “PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for the Web. Within an HTML page, you can embed PHP code that will be executed each time the page is visited. Your PHP code is interpreted at the Web server and generates HTML or other output that the visitor will see” (“PHP and My. SQL Web Development”, Luke Welling and Laura Thomson, SAMS)

PHP History ● ● 1994: Created by Rasmis Lesdorf, software engineer (part of Apache

PHP History ● ● 1994: Created by Rasmis Lesdorf, software engineer (part of Apache Team) 1995: Called Personal Home Page Tool, then released as version 2 with name PHP/FI (Form Interpreter, to analyze SQL queries) ● Half 1997: used by 50, 000 web sites ● October 1998: used by 100, 000 websites ● End 1999: used by 1, 000 websites

Alternatives to PHP ● Practical extraction and Report Language (Perl) ● Active Server Pages

Alternatives to PHP ● Practical extraction and Report Language (Perl) ● Active Server Pages (ASP) ● Java server pages (JSP) ● Ruby

(Good) Topics about PHP ● ● ● ● Open-source Easy to use ( C-like

(Good) Topics about PHP ● ● ● ● Open-source Easy to use ( C-like and Perl-like syntax) Stable and fast Multiplatform Many databases support Many common built-in libraries Pre-installed in Linux distributions

How PHP generates HTML/JS Web pages Client Browser 1 4 Apache PHP module 3

How PHP generates HTML/JS Web pages Client Browser 1 4 Apache PHP module 3 2 1: Client from browser send HTTP request (with POST/GET variables) 2: Apache recognizes that a PHP script is requested and sends the request to PHP module 3: PHP interpreter executes PHP script, collects script output and sends it back 4: Apache replies to client using the PHP script output as HTML output

Hello World! (web oriented) <html> <head> <title>My personal Hello World! PHP script</title> </head> <body>

Hello World! (web oriented) <html> <head> <title>My personal Hello World! PHP script</title> </head> <body> <? PHP tag, allow to insert PHP echo “Hello World!”; code. Interpretation by PHP ? > module will substitute the code with code output </html>

Variables (I) • To use or assign variable $ must be present before the

Variables (I) • To use or assign variable $ must be present before the name of the variable • The assign operator is '=' • There is no need to declare the type of the variable • • the current stored value produces an implicit type-casting of the variable. A variable can be used before to be assigned $A = 1; $B = “ 2”; $C = ($A + $B); // Integer sum $D = $A. $B; // String concatenation echo $C; // prints 3 echo $D; // prints 12

Variables (II) • Function isset tests if a variable is assigned or not $A

Variables (II) • Function isset tests if a variable is assigned or not $A = 1; if (isset($A)) print “A isset” if (!isset($B)) print “B is NOT set”; • Using $$ $help = “hidden. Var”; $$help = “hidden Value”; echo $$help; // prints hidden Value $$help = 10; $help = $$help * $$help; echo $help; // print 100

Strings (I) • A string is a sequence of chars $string. Test = “this

Strings (I) • A string is a sequence of chars $string. Test = “this is a sequence of chars”; echo $string. Test[0]; output: t echo $string. Test; output: this is a sequence of chars • A single quoted strings is displayed “as-is” $age = 37; $string. Test = 'I am $age years old'; // output: I am $age years old $string. Test = “I am $age years old”; // output: I am 37 years old • Concatenation $conc = ”is “. ”a “. ”composed “. ”string”; echo $conc; // output: is a composed string $new. Conc = 'Also $conc '. $conc; echo $new. Conc; // output: Also $conc is a composed string

Strings (II) • Explode function $sequence = “A, B, C, D, E, F, G”;

Strings (II) • Explode function $sequence = “A, B, C, D, E, F, G”; $elements = explode (“, ”, $sequence); // Now elements is an array with all substrings between “, ” char echo $elemets[0]; // output: A; echo $elemets[1]; // output: B; echo $elemets[2]; // output: C; echo $elemets[3]; // output: D; echo $elemets[4]; // output: E; echo $elemets[5]; // output: F; echo $elemets[6]; // output: G;

Arrays (I) • Groups a set of variables, every element stored into an array

Arrays (I) • Groups a set of variables, every element stored into an array as an associated key (index to retrieve the element) $books = array( 0=>”php manual”, 1=>”perl manual”, 2=>”C manual”); $books = array( 0=>”php manual”, ”perl manual”, ”C manual”); $books = array (“php manual”, ”perl manual”, ”C manual”); echo $books[2]; output: C manual • Arrays with PHP are associative $books = array( “php manual”=>1, ”perl manual”=>1, ”C manual”=>1); // HASH echo $books[“perl manual”]; output: 1 $books[“lisp manual”] = 1; // Add a new element

Arrays (II) • Working on an arrays $books = array( ”php manual”, ”perl manual”,

Arrays (II) • Working on an arrays $books = array( ”php manual”, ”perl manual”, ”C manual”); • Common loop for ($i=0; $i < count($books); $i++) print ($i+1). ”-st book of my library: $books[$i]”; • each $books = array( “php manual”=>1, ”perl manual”=>2, ”C manual”=>3); while ($item = each( $books )) // Retrieve items one by one print $item[“value”]. ”-st book of my library: ”. $item[“key”]; // each retrieve an array of two elements with key and value of current element • each and list while ( list($value, $key) = each( $books )) print “$value-st book of my library: $key”; // list collect the two element retrieved by each and store them in two different // variables

Arrays (III) • Multidimensional arrays $books = array(“title”=>“php manual”, ”editor”=>”X”, ”author”=>”A”), array(“title”=>“perl manual”, ”editor”=>”Y”,

Arrays (III) • Multidimensional arrays $books = array(“title”=>“php manual”, ”editor”=>”X”, ”author”=>”A”), array(“title”=>“perl manual”, ”editor”=>”Y”, ”author”=>”B”), array(“title=>“C manual”, ”editor”=>”Z”, author=>”C”)); • Common loop for ($i=0; $i < count($books); $i++ ) print “$i-st book, title: ”. $books[$i][“title”]. ” author: “. $books[$i][“author”]. “ editor: “. $books[$i][“editor”]; // Add. ”n” for text new page or “. <BR>” for HTML new page; • Use list and each for ($i=0; $i < count($books); $i++) { print “$i-st book is: “; while ( list($key, $value) = each( $books[$i] )) print “$key: $value ”; print “<BR>”; // or “n” }

Case study (small database I) • You need to build one or more web

Case study (small database I) • You need to build one or more web pages to manage your library, but: – “You have no time or no knoledge on how to plan and design database” – or “You have no time or knolwdge on how to install a free database” – And “The database to implement is small” (about few thousands entries, but depends on server configuration)

Case study (small database II) #cat /usr/local/my. Database. Directory/library. txt php manual X A

Case study (small database II) #cat /usr/local/my. Database. Directory/library. txt php manual X A 330 perl manual Y B 540 C manual Z C 480 (fields separated by tabs: 'php manual<tab>X<tab>A', new line at the end of each entry) <? // script to show all book in my library $books = file(“/usr/local/my. Database. Directory/library. txt”); // retrieve library “database” for ($i=0; $i<count($books), $i++ ) $books_array[$i] = explode( “t”, $books[$i]); // Extract elements from line. . . for ($i=0; $i<count($books_array), $i++ ) print “$i-st book, title: ”. $books_array[$i][“title”]. ” author: “. $books_array[$i][“author”]. “ editor: “. $books_array[$i][“editor”]. ”<BR>”;

Case study A way to reuse code (I) Using functions is possible to write

Case study A way to reuse code (I) Using functions is possible to write more general code, to allow us to reuse it to add feature: – For the same project (always try to write reusable code, also you will work for a short time on a project) – For new projects <? // config. php, is a good idea to use configuration files $table. Files = array ( “books”=>”/usr/local/my. Database. Directory/books. txt”); $book. Table. Fields = array (“title”, ”author”, ”editor”, ”pages”); // future development of the library project (add new tables) $table. Files = array ( “users”=>”/usr/local/my. Database. Directory/users. txt”); $user. Table. Fields = array (“code”, “first. Name”, ”last. Name”, ”age”, ”institute”); ? >

Case study A way to reuse code (II) <? // script to show all

Case study A way to reuse code (II) <? // script to show all book in my library $books = file(“/usr/local/my. Database. Directory/library. txt”); // retrieve library “database” for ($i=0; $i<count($books), $i++ ) $books_array[$i] = explode( “t”, $books[$i]); // Extract elements from line. . . for ($i=0; $i<count($books_array), $i++ ) print “$i-st book, title: ”. $books_array[$i][“title”]. ” author: “. $books_array[$i][“author”]. “ editor: “. $books_array[$i][“editor”]. ”<BR>”;

Functions in details (I) The syntax to implement a user-defined function is : function_name([parameters-list]opt)

Functions in details (I) The syntax to implement a user-defined function is : function_name([parameters-list]opt) {……implementation code……} parameters-list is a sequence of variables separated by “, ” • it’s not allowed to overload the name of an existing function; • Function names aren’t case-sensitive; • To each parameter can be assigned a default value; • arguments can be passed by value or by reference • It’s possible using a variable number of parameters •

Object Oriented PHP ● Encapsulation ● Polymorphism ● Inheritance ● Multiple Inheritance: actually unsupported

Object Oriented PHP ● Encapsulation ● Polymorphism ● Inheritance ● Multiple Inheritance: actually unsupported

Encapsulation <? $val 4 = (($month+1)*3)/5; class day. Of. Week { $val 5 =

Encapsulation <? $val 4 = (($month+1)*3)/5; class day. Of. Week { $val 5 = $year/4; var $day, $month, $year; $val 6 = $year/100; function day. Of. Week($day, $month, $year) { $val 7 = $year/400; $this->day = $day; $val 8 = $day+($month*2)+$val 4+$val 3+$val 5$val 6+$val 7+2; $this->month = $month; $val 9 = $val 8/7; $this->year = $year; $val 0 = $val 8 -($val 9*7); } return $val 0; function calculate(){ if ($this->month==1){ $month. Tmp=13; $year. Tmp = $this->year - 1; } if ($this->month == 2){ $month. Tmp = 14; $year. Tmp = $this->year - 1; } } } // Main $instance = new day. Of. Week($_GET[“day”], $_GET[“week”], $_GET[“ month”]); print “You born on “. $instance->calculate(). ”n”; ? >

Inheritance Allow the creation of a hierarchy of classes Class reuse. Me { function

Inheritance Allow the creation of a hierarchy of classes Class reuse. Me { function reuse. Me(){. . . } Class extends reuse. Me { function example(){. . . // local initializations // call super constructor reuse. Me: : reuse. Me(); } function do. Task 1(){. . . } function do. Task 2(){. . . } } function do. Task 4(){. . . } function do. Task 3(){. . . } function do. Task 5(){. . . } } function do. Task 6(){. . . }

Polymorphism A member function can override superclass implementation. Allow each subclass to reimplement a

Polymorphism A member function can override superclass implementation. Allow each subclass to reimplement a common interfaces. class reuse. Me { function reuse. Me(){. . . } Class extends reuse. Me { function example(){. . . // local initializations // call super constructor reuse. Me: : reuse. Me(); } function do. Task 1(){. . . } function do. Task 2(){. . . } } function do. Task 4(){. . . } function do. Task 3(){. . . } function do. Task 5(){. . . } function do. Task 6(){. . . } } function do. Task 3(){. . . }

Multiple Inheritance not actually supported by PHP class reuse. Me 1 { function reuse.

Multiple Inheritance not actually supported by PHP class reuse. Me 1 { function reuse. Me 1(){. . . } function do. Task 2(){. . . } function do. Task 3(){. . . } } class reuse. Me 2 { function reuse. Me 2(){. . . } function do. Task 3(){. . . } function do. Task 4(){. . . } function do. Task 5(){. . . } } class extends reuse. Me 1, reuse. Me 2 {. . . }

Bibliography [1] “PHP and My. SQL Web Development”, Luke Welling and Laura Thomson, SA

Bibliography [1] “PHP and My. SQL Web Development”, Luke Welling and Laura Thomson, SA

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