Photosynthesis song Keystone Anchors BIO A 3 2

Photosynthesis song

Keystone Anchors BIO. A. 3. 2. 1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. BIO. A. 3. 2. 2 Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions

Where does all of our energy come from?

How do plants get food? Photosynthesis- Process by which green plants or organism with chlorophyll convert _______ light chemical energy in the bonds energy into _______ of carbohydrates Autotrophic ________ – Can transfer energy to produce food – can synthesize food Heterotrophic _________ – Must obtain energy from preformed food – gotta eat food!

TYPE I Explain the process of photosynthesis using the diagram on the previous page. Use at least 3 lines.

THE FORMULA carbon dioxide + water + light chlorophyll ___________enzymes Seems glucose + oxygen simple, huh? Takes EIGHTY different chemical reactions from start to finish

Where does Photosynthesis happen? In chloroplasts the _________! Chloroplasts are oval structure consisting of stacks called grana (photosynthetic membranes) and a liquid called stroma. Chlorophyll is found in the stacked grana

Chloroplast Light Reaction occurs in the. . . Calvin Cycle occurs in the. . .

ATP IT’S ENERGY When chlorophyll absorbs light, it is absorbing energy bonds It stores it in the _____ of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP v ADP

Section 4. 1 Review What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Autotroph—makes own food Heterotroph—needs to eat food How are ADP and ATP related? ADP is missing a phosphate (and energy) ATP has all 3 phosphate and lots of energy They go back and forth What are the reactants of photosynthesis? The products? carbon dioxide + water + light glucose + oxygen

2 Main Steps of PS Step 1 1. Light reactions—occurs only in the light presence of ______ Occurs in the grana (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts Also known as Photolysis because light is used split_____ water molecules into to _____ hydrogen and oxygen

2 Main steps of PS Step 2 1. or Dark Reactions—can occur in light ____ darkness. Follows light reactions Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts Also known as Carbon fixation because CO 2 will get “fixed up” with the hydrogens and energy from the light reaction

Air PLANT CHLOROPLAST Thylakoid (has Chlorophyll) Fluid filled Stroma Glucose!! water LIGHT REACTION + CH O 6 12 6 LIGHT INDEPENDENT “DARK” REACTION (CALVIN CYCLE)

Light Reactions 1. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. broken down Water is _____ released Oxygen is _______ 2. Oxygen leaves the plant and goes into the air

The Dark Reactions 1. 2. 3. CO 2 _____ is added to a cycle of reactions to build larger molecules H _____ from the light reaction is added to CO 2 A molecule of simple sugar is formed glucose _______

Process Box Look at the diagram of photosynthesis from the previous slide. What are the names of the two reactions that are occurring in the chloroplasts Describe what reactants are going in and what products are going out.

Section 4. 2 Review What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Absorbs energy from sunlight What goes in the light reactions? What comes out? IN: light and water OUT: Oxygen What goes in the dark reactions? What comes out? IN: CO 2 OUT: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6)

REACTION TYPE What goes into it? What comes out of it? Does it need light? Does it need the dark? Yes No What gets split? What gets ‘fixed up’? Water Nothing (What is Created? ) Light Reaction ‘DARK’ Reaction (Calvin Cycle) H 2 O Oxygen Sunlight CO 2 H goes into the dark cycle Glucose No No Nothing Hydrogen Nicholl

1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS What is the definition of Photosynthesis? REVIEW 2. What are the reactants for Photosynthesis? 3. What are the products? 4. What happens during the light reaction of Photosynthesis? 5. What is made during the Calvin Cycle? 6. In what structure is chlorophyll found within a chloroplast?

7. 8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS What occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast? REVIEW Why is the Calvin cycle referred to as the “dark” reaction? 9. Does the light reaction have to occur in the light? Does the dark reaction have to occur in the dark? 10. Why is glucose so valuable to all living things? 11. Why are plants known as autotrophs (or “producers”)? 12. If you eat a hamburger for dinner, how is it that you are eating energy that was made by plants? 13. Plants store energy in many ways. For example, a carrot is the root part of a plant that stores lots of energy (that’s why carrots are SO good for you!!). 14. Name 3 other parts of a plant that store high energy?

Process Box Think about what our body need to take in to live? What does your body produce as waste products as a result of living?

Photosynthesis and food Cellular Respiration Chapter 4 Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

The route from food to energy ____ GLUCOSE Goes through Glycolysis Not a lot of ATP made Then With oxygen Without oxygen Aerobic Respiration Fermentation Alcoholic Lactic Acid

Glycolysis � Breaks glucose down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules � Occurs incytoplasm _______

Glycolysis � 2 ATP invested � 4 ATP generated � ___ 2 “net” ATP gained

Fermentation � Occurs after glycolysis not � Does ______ require oxygen Anaerobic � _______ � Switches � Allows NADH back into NAD+ glycolysis to continue

Fermentation � Two types Alcoholic � ________ Lactic � _____ fermentation acid ____ fermentation

No OXYGEN Present Pyruvate cytoplasm Allows Glycolysis to continue to make 2 ATP’s • Occurs in mammals when O 2 runs out • Causes burning muscles • Acidity causes muscle pain • Broken down over time (when O 2 becomes available again) • A muscle will “cramp” without ATP • Bacteria can also create lactic acid – and we use them to create pickles, and milk curdles in lactic

No OXYGEN Present Pyruvate cytoplasm Allows Glycolysis to continue to make 2 ATP’s • Occurs in Yeast • Makes alcohol • CO 2 gas causes bread to rise (alcohol evaporates in the oven!)

Section 4. 4 Review—Part A � Where does glycolysis take place? Cytoplasm � What goes into glycolysis? What comes out of glycolysis? IN: Glucose � Why OUT: 2 ATP & 3 carbon molecule does fermentation occur? � What No oxygen present are the two different types of fermentation? Lactic acid Alcoholic

Aerobic Respiration � After glycolysis eukaryotes � Only in ________ oxygen � Require _____ Aerobic � _____ process � � NOT THE SAME AS REGULAR RESPIRATION!

Where does aerobic respiration happen? � In the mitochondria! � ________ Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

2 Main steps of Aerobic Respiration Kreb’s cycle 1. o CO 2 Pyruvic acid is broken down into ____ in a series of energy-extracting reactions • 2 ATP are generated In: 3 C OUT: Co 2 + ATP

2 Main steps of Aerobic Respiration Electron transport chain ___________ 2. o Uses high energy electrons from the Kreb’s cycle to convert ADP into ATP o _______ are produced 32 ATP In: O 2 OUT: H 2 O + ATP

MOST ATP from ELECTON TRANSPORT!

Energy Carrying Molecule 32 ATP mitochondria 90% of Glucose Energy!! From Krebs Cycle OXYGEN+ Breathed out of the body!! H 20

AEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESS Glycolysi s Krebs Cycle Electron Transpor t LOCATION cytoplasm mitochondri a IN Glucose Pyruvic acid OUT 2 Pyruvic acid # of ATP Produced 2 Carbon dioxide 2 oxygen water 32 Pyruvic acid NAD+ 2 mitochondria Chain Fermentatio n cytoplasm

Section 4. 4 Review—Part B � Where does aerobic respiration take place? Mitochondria � What goes into the Kreb’s cycle? What comes out? IN: 3 carbon molecule � What OUT: ATP, CO 2 goes into electron transport? What comes out? IN: Oxygen OUT: Water and ATP!!! � How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? Reactants of one are basically the products of the other

RESPIRATION REVIEW 1. What are the 3 stages of Cellular Respiration, and how many ATP’s are created with each? Glycolosis -2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle – 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain – 32 ATP 2. What is the “fuel” that allows cellular respiration to begin? Glucose 3. How is Glycolysis different than Krebs and E. T. C. ? Glycolosis take place in the cytoplasm. Krebs and ETC in the mitochondria 4. Why do humans not depend as much on Glycolysis for energy? Only produces 2 ATP 5. Muscle pain after a workout is a result of the buildup of what substance? Lactic Acid

RESPIRATION REVIEW 6. What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain? Final H+ acceptor 7. What is the role of NADH during cellular respiration? Provides H+ for ETC 8. By what process do we create products such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and pickles? Lactic acid fermentation 9. What organisms can make alcohol? yeast 10. What organisms can make lactic acid? mammals

RESPIRATION SCENERIO 7. Consider a person who runs a 5 K. Afterward, he is breathing heavily because he is oxygen deficient. He is complaining of weak legs and is sweating profusely. 12. Because he is low in oxygen, what will accumulate in his muscles? Lactic acid_ 13. Breathing heavily allows more oxygen to be taken in. What is the role of oxygen? Pick up H+ 14. Breathing heavily also allows excess CO 2 to be removed. What process forms the COKrebs 2? ATP produces heat and sweat cools the body 15. Sweat helps keep the body cool. How are sweating and ATP related? water 16. What is the waste product of E. T. C. ? Drink water 17. What do you think the FIRST thing this runner will do after he finishes the race?

Light energy chemical energy Chloroplasts Water + CO 2 + Light Oxygen + Sugar Water + CO 2 + Light Sugar ATP Cytoplasm + Mitochondria Oxygen + Sugar Water + CO 2 + ATP