Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the way that plants
- Slides: 70
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is the way that plants make food from sunlight – You take in food which is digested and then transferred to cells for use by mitochondria – Plants can’t “eat” so they make food which is then transferred to the mitochondria – Mitochondria then transform the “food energy” into chemical energy
Photosynthesis • Why does it matter? – Source of nearly all the energy on Earth – Process by which atmospheric gases are maintained in the ratios we need to survive
Photosynthesis • Who photosynthesizes? Some bacteria
Photosynthesis • Who photosynthesizes? Some bacteria Some protists
Photosynthesis Most plants
Photosynthesis • Heterotroph: organism that must consume food • Autotroph: organism that makes its own food (photosynthesis)
Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + light energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Carbon dioxide Water Carbohydrate Oxygen
Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + light energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Carbon dioxide Water Carbohydrate Oxygen
Epidermis Mesophyll Guard cells Epidermis Vein Stoma
Photosynthesis • Vein: water delivery
Photosynthesis • Epidermis: water-proof covering of the surface of the leaf – Prevents unwanted loss of water and gases
Photosynthesis • Stoma: Opening in the leaves – water exits – O 2 exits – CO 2 enters
Photosynthesis • Stoma: Opening in the leaves – water exits – O 2 exits – CO 2 enters Transpiration
Photosynthesis • Guard cells: surround stoma – Open and close stoma
Photosynthesis • Mesophyll: central layer of cells – contains chloroplast-rich cells – site where most photosynthesis occurs
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis • 2 sets of reactions:
Photosynthesis • 2 sets of reactions: – LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis • 2 sets of reactions: – LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS – LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS (Calvin cycle)
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reactions
Light Dependent Reactions • Thylakoids contain pigments
Light Dependent Reactions • Pigments: molecules that absorb light energy
Light Dependent Reactions • Pigments: molecules that absorb light energy – Electrons are energized by absorbing energy and “jumping” energy levels
Light Dependent Reactions • Pigments: molecules that absorb light energy – Electrons are energized by absorbing energy and “jumping” energy levels – A specific amount of energy is required in order for the electron of a specific atom to jump and land in another energy level • Ex. Long jumping versus hopscotch
Light Dependent Reactions • Thylakoids contain the pigment chlorophyll – Chlorophylls a and b • Absorb light on opposite ends of the visible light spectrum • Between 500 and 600 nm light is reflected • Why chlorophyll appears green
Light Dependent Reactions • Thylakoids contain the pigment chlorophyll Absorbed Reflected Absorbed
Light Dependent Reactions • Thylakoids contain pigments called carotenoids – Absorb light below 550 nm – Appear red, orange, and yellow
Light Dependent Reactions • Thylakoids contain pigments called carotenoids Absorbed Reflected
Light Dependent Reactions • Thylakoids contain pigments – Which pigment is dominant in deciduous trees right now?
Light Dependent Reactions • Pigment in the thylakoids form Photosystems – Network of pigments held together within a protein matrix – Channel energy absorbed from light to a specific pigment molecule: reaction center chlorophyll
Light Dependent Reactions • Pigment in the thylakoids form Photosystems – Reaction center chlorophyll passes the energy (via an energized electron) to a primary electron acceptor: Ferredoxin
Light Dependent Reactions • Process of replacing the electrons that follows this step depends on the organism: – Bacteria: cyclic – Algae and plants: non-cyclic
Light Dependent Reactions • Cyclic phosphorylation – Bacteria – Contain only 1 photosystem: Photosystem I – From electron acceptor, electrons go through electron transport system from which ATP is produced – Electrons then return to Photosystem I
Light Dependent Reactions • Non-cyclic phosphorylation – Algae and plants – Contain 2 photosystems: Photosystem I, and Photosystem II – PS II acts first
Light Dependent Reactions • Non-cyclic phosphorylation – Photon of light energy excites electron which is passed from PS II to electron transport chain and then to PS I – Another photon of light re-excites the electron now in PS I which passes the electron to the primary electron acceptor and through a series of reactions
Light Dependent Reactions • Non-cyclic phosphorylation – Electrons lost from PS II must be replaced • PS II takes an electron from protein Z • Protein Z then takes an electron from water by splitting a water molecule into H+ ions and O • H+ ions are used later, O forms O 2 and is “exhaled”
Light Dependent Reactions • Electron transport chains – Series of enzymes embedded in membrane called the cytochrome complex – Receive excited electrons from PS II and PS I – Electrons are passed from 1 molecule to the next
Light Dependent Reactions • Electron transport chains – Energy from the electrons energized in PS II powers a proton pump – Proton pumps protons into the thylakoid space – Results in high concentration of protons in the thylakoid space – Concentration gradient powers ATPase
Light Dependent Reactions • Electron transport chains – ATPase allows protons back out of membrane – Rush of protons provides enough energy to attach a phosphate to an ADP forming ATP – This process is called chemiosmosis
Light Dependent Reactions • Electron transport chains – Energy from the electrons energized in PS I is passed to a reduction complex – At the reduction complex NAD+ is transformed into NADH
Light Dependent Reactions • Electron transport chains – NAD+ is an electron acceptor: it holds on to the energy from the electrons until it can be used to bind a phosphate group to an ADP
Light Dependent Reactions • Electron transport chains – ATP and NADH produced leave thylakoid to participate in the next set of reactions: the light independent reactions or Calvin cycle
Light Dependent Reactions Ferredoxin
Light Dependent Reactions Ferredoxin Z
Light Dependent Reactions Ferredoxin Z Energy is taken from the electrons and is used to make ATP from ADP
Light Dependent Reactions Ferredoxin Feredoxin Z Energy is taken from the electrons and is used to make ATP from ADP
Light Dependent Reactions Ferredoxin Energy is taken from the electrons and is used to make NADPH from NADP Z Energy is taken from the electrons and is used to make ATP from ADP
Light Dependent Reactions Ferredoxin Energy is taken from the electrons and is used to make NADPH from NADP Z Energy is taken from the electrons and is used to make ATP from ADP ATP and NADPH leave thylakoid and enter the stroma where they are used in the Calvin cycle
Light Dependent Reactions Ferredoxin Ele ctr on 2 H+ Oxygen is + released as a by-product O Tra ns 2 e- Water molecule is split by protein Z 2 e- po Cytochrome complex rt S ys te Ele c tro n Sy Tra ste ns m por t NADPH reductase m 2 e- NADP+ + 2 H+ NADPH + H+ H 2 O Z 2 e- 2 e. Energy is removed from the electrons as they move down the ETC. The energy is used to pump p+ into thylakoid. p+s power ATPase which converts ADP to ATP Light Photosystem II ADP + Pi + Energy → ATP Light ATP and NADPH leave thylakoid and enter stroma to be used in the Calvin cycle
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin cycle)
Calvin cycle • Uses ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions • Also uses CO 2 taken in through stoma • Requires no sunlight • Produces carbohydrate which is used by mitochondria in respiration
Calvin cycle (3 PGA) (From light dependent reactions)
Calvin cycle (3 PGA) (From light dependent reactions)
Calvin cycle (PGA) (From light dependent reactions)
Calvin cycle CO 2 CARBON FIXATION Rubisco Ru. BP 3 PGA ATP ADP ATP REGENERATION OF Ru. BP 1, 3 Bisphoglycerate NADPH NADP+ Pi G 3 P (carbohydrate) REDUCTION Output for use by mitochondria in respiration
Calvin cycle 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA
Calvin cycle 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA ↓ Rubisco
Calvin cycle 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA → → 6 G 3 P ↓ Rubisco
Calvin cycle 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA → → 6 G 3 P ↓ ↓ Rubisco 6 ATP
Calvin cycle 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA → → 6 G 3 P ↓ ↓ ↓ Rubisco 6 ATP 6 NADPH
Calvin cycle output ↓ ↓ ↓ Rubisco 6 ATP 6 NADPH ↓ 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA → → 6 G 3 P
Calvin cycle output ↓ 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA → → 6 G 3 P → 3 Ru. BP ↓ ↓ ↓ Rubisco 6 ATP 6 NADPH
Calvin cycle output ↓ 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA → → 6 G 3 P → 3 Ru. BP ↓ ↓ 6 ATP 6 NADPH ↓ ↓ Rubisco ATP
Calvin cycle output ↓ 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA → → 6 G 3 P → 3 Ru. BP ↓ ↓ 6 ATP 6 NADPH ↓ ↓ Rubisco ATP
Calvin cycle 3 CO 2 + 3 Ru. BP → 6 PGA
Photosynthesis
Calvin cycle
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