Photon Physics with Jefferson Labs FreeElectron Laser Michelle

Photon Physics with Jefferson Lab’s Free-Electron Laser Michelle Shinn May 30, 2013 Jefferson Lab User’s Group Meeting Newport News, VA This work was supported by U. S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC 05 -84 -ER 40150, the Commonwealth of Virginia, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, DOE Basic Energy Sciences, the Office of Naval Research, and the Joint Technology Office.

Outline • An introduction to Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) – What makes the JLab FELs unique? • Exploring the nature of matter with the FEL – Applications in the THz, IR, UV, & VUV • Conclusions

The Jefferson Lab Site & Free Electron Laser Facility

The Free-electron laser (FEL)

History of the FELs at JLab • 1989 Two JLab scientists propose using SRF linac technology to drive an FEL. • 1991 Hermann Grunder the first Director, recruits hires two scientists to, among other things, build the case for an FEL at JLab. • 1994 A team is assembled to create and submit a PDR to the DOE to build an FEL that would operate in the UV for industry and science. • 1995 May - the PDR “Free Electron Lasers for Industry”, for $27 M, was submitted to DOE. • Proposed demonstration of energy recovery at high currents • Identified applications included: antimicrobial nylon – Micro-machined metals, ceramics, … – Processing electronics materials

Energy recovery enables high average power FELs • • • Since the amount of power removed from the beam is small the majority of the beam power is available after the lasing interaction. Most facilities dump that beam. – Creates a lot of induced radioactivity We set the pathlength such that the electrons re-entering the cryomodule are 180°in phase with the accelerated bunches. The used electrons decelerate and their energy is given back to the RF field in the cavities. – Electrons are dumped at their original injected energy (< 10 Me. V) – No induced radioactivity This raises the overall efficiency of FELs, e. g. , – We only have enough RF power to accelerate 1 m. A of beam. • But operationally, our current limit is that from the photogun’s DC power supply (10 m. A in our case). – Efficiency improves as the ratio of the beam energy to injection energy.

Existing JLab IR/UV Light Source E = 135 Me. V present limit Up to 135 p. C pulses @ 75 MHz 20 μJ/pulse in (250)– 700 nm UV-VIS 120 μJ/pulse in 1 -10 μm IR 1 μJ/pulse in THz VUV Light to Lab 1 The first high current ERL 14 k. W average power Ultra-fast (150 fs) Ultra-bright CW Performance wavelength (µm) cw (k. W) 1. 1 1. 6 2. 2 14. 6 2. 8 6. 7 6. 0 8. 5

JLab FEL Facility Performance ULS NSLS-2 NSLS-1 Courtesy G. Williams - JLab

The JLab Free Electron Laser User Facility Current User Facility has 7 Labs • Lab 1 General set-ups and prototypes • Lab 2 Materials studies • Lab 3 THz dynamics and imaging • Lab 3 a NASA nanofab • Lab 4 Aerospace LMES • Lab 5 PLD • Lab 6 FEL + lasers for dynamics studies Dyna- PLD Micro. Nano/ THz Optics/ mics fab NASA Lab Materials General Purpose

Jefferson Lab – THz Source Physics Considering Short e- Bunches Electric field E/N Intensity E 2 electron(s) N N time incoherent synchrotron radiation from N e-’s super-radiant enhancement freq. (1/time) Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Courtesy G. Williams - JLab

JLab THz source spectrum Courtesy M. Klopf - JLab Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

THz Imaging Schematic Beamline Camera 1 THz filter/lens Mirror 1 Mirror 2 THz Camera Mirror 3 2 Watts of broadband light into 3” x 3” field. ~104 camera elements, so 200 micro. Watts per pixel. Scattering ~ 0. 1%, so 0. 2 micro. Watts per pixel. Noise level, 1 nano. Watt, so S/N is 200 in real time. Courtesy G. Williams - JLab

Test of Imaging Resolution Raw Data Processed Data • Raw THz images are processed to reduce the background and improve contrast • Current configuration resolved down to the 1 mm wide contact pads • Polyethylene lens filtered thermal IR, but does not image well Courtesy G. Williams & M. Klopf - JLab

Real-time Imaging - Jefferson Lab & U. of Delaware Team Mike Klopf, Matthew Coppinger, GPW, James Kolodzey, Nathan Sustersic

THz/MIR Double Resonance Experiments (w/ H. Rutt U. Southampton fast MCT detector (TEC cooled) MIR beam from FTIR water lines gas cell Courtesy G. Williams & M. Klopf - JLab THz beam from accelerator gas delivery and pressure relief

We have plans for a 2 Photon Setup in the THz lab sample chamber IR/UV photons THz photons

IR He. Ne (1. 52 mm) THz Spectroscopy of surface plasmons THz Beam from FTIR He. Ne sensor THz sensor VO 2 sample heater stage A. Lukaszew – W&M & G. Scarel – JMU Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Courtesy M. Klopf - JLab

Applications in the IR • Since the beginning of our science program in 1998 we had a mixture of basic and applied science users. – Material processing • Metal nitriding/amorphization – carbon & boron nitride nanotubes – Medical/biophysics • Differential heating of fatty tissue • Treatments on the eye • As with many of our basic science experiments, when doing applied science, the best use for a high average power FEL is to sweep the parameter space in order to optimize a process. – Then build a table top device to commercialize the process.

The benefits of high power and tunability - differential heating of fatty tissue to treat acne Log scale Rox Anderson, Harvard Medical School - MGH Lin scale Fat and Water have different spectra in the NIR

Applications for UV photons • Determination of the “action spectrum” of human skin to UV radiation. – This will help in understanding how melanoma develops. • Microfabrication of nano satellites • Combustion dynamics • Coherent and collective effects in materials – Inorganic and organic

Laser Micro. Fabrication & Engineering System

UV FEL application - the COSA propulsion module • Added to rest of package – has flown in space

We can generate coherent harmonics at useful levels • • • Harmonics are produced through the electron bunching process that creates gain at the fundamental. This bunching has Fourier components at harmonics of the fundamental frequency and in our case extends into the ultraviolet. First few harmonics can be many 10’s of watts. Odd harmonics are peaked on-axis and can be degrade coating performance. Can also be used to do science. We performed measurements in the IR Demo – “Coherent Harmonics in the Super-Radiant Regime from an FEL”, S. V. Benson, J. F. Gubeli, and M. D. Shinn, Proc. PAC 2001 Harmonics on OC Mirror while lasing at 1. 6 micron 4 th harmonic 3 rd harmonic

We can transmit the odd harmonics through a hole in the outcoupler • Since the odd harmonics are peaked on-axis, we can transmit them through an appropriately sized hole in the downstream mirror’s center. • The even harmonics have no power on axis and the majority of the power is in two lobes some distance away from center. • The harmonics source is the electron beam size, so if one knows that, one can calculate the mode size on the mirror, and hence, the size the hole should be.

Initial Science with JLab VUV FEL 1. Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA). Lu Zheng-Tian (ANL) & Charles Sukenik (ODU) - nuclear physics funded 2. Combustion dynamics. David Osborn (Sandia) - recommended by Eric Rohlfing, BES 3. Electronic structure of correlated materials. Peter Johnson (BNL), Z. -X. Shen (Stanford) - co-recipients of 2011 Buckley prize Courtesy G. Williams - JLab

Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA) PIs - Lu Zheng-Tian – Argonne National Lab Charles Sukenik – Old Dominion University Science – develop Kr dating. 81 Kr clock is 229, 000 yrs compared to C, which is 5730 yrs Qualifications – experiment running at Argonne. Critical application – dating the polar ice-caps. Why FEL? – high average power can study small volumes of water. Advantage of the experiment is that it uses FEL direct beam, without need of monochromator. The sample automatically selects the bandwidth it needs. Implementation - Idea is to bring equipment from Argonne, and collaborate with local university user. Courtesy G. Williams - JLab

Jefferson Lab FEL and THz Source – envisioned upgrades proposed narrowband THz source proposed additional broadband CSR THz source Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

Conclusions • The Jefferson Lab FEL Facility is a unique in it’s high average brightness in the THz, and IR – VUV spectral regions. – Sub ps-pulses at MHz repetition rates • With an installation of a rebuilt “F 100” cryomodule the linac energy will increase to > 150 Me. V. – Will permit lasing further into the UV and extend VUV. • With the swap of our CEBAF-style cryounit for an improved booster, we could lase in the VUV. • Addition of a wiggler and optical cavity slightly canted from the UV beamline would allow simultaneous lasing of UV and THz for high E-field 2 color experiments.

A comment from Mr. Jefferson • “I have always thought that if in the experiments to introduce or communicate new plants, one species in a hundred is found useful and succeeds, the ninety-nine found otherwise are more than paid for. ” Thomas Jefferson

The Jefferson Lab FEL Team April 24, 2009 This work supported by the Office of Naval Research, the Joint Technology Office, the Commonwealth of Virginia, the DOE Air Force Research Laboratory, The US Army Night Vision Lab, and by DOE under contract DE-AC 05 -060 R 23177.

FEL Performance Projected IR FEL UV FEL 3 rd Harmonic UV FEL 5 th Harmonic Photon energy range of fundamental 0. 1 – 1. 4 e. V, (12 -0. 8 microns) 1 – 3. 4 e. V (1200 -360 nm) 3 -10. 2 e. V (410 -120 nm) 5 -17 e. V (250 -73 nm) Photon energy per pulse 100 micro. Joules 20 nano. Joules 0. 2 nano. Joules Repetition rate 4. 678 – 74. 85 MHz 4. 678 MHz 4. 68 MHz Photon Pulse length (FWHM) 100 fs – 2 ps Nominal pulse bandwidth 1% . 2% Electron Beam Energy 80 – 140 Me. V Charge per electron bunch 135 pico. Coulombs 60 pico. Coulombs

Ultrashort light sources enable new thinking about material research reductionist approach - electrons - nuclei emergence approach, collective excitations - phonons, , magnons - polarons, plasmons (called quasiparticles) from Marvin Cohen, Physics Today, June 2006, page 48.

Application: Laser nitriding automobile cylinder liners (grey cast iron) J. Lindner, AUDI AG After honing Treatment: mirror inside cylinder; rotating engine block in series production, 5 simultaneous excimer lasers After laser treatment Slide courtesy of P. Schaaf - U. Göttingen Reduction of oil consumption (30 x)

Uses for carbon and boron nitride nanotubes • Carbon nanotubes are hollow rods (like a soda straw) of pure carbon. • They have very small diameters – less than a micron across. – A human hair is 25 -180 microns across. • They can be used to build light and strong structures. • Boron nitride nanotubes are nontoxic to people – lots of uses.

Future Dark Matter experiments at Jefferson Lab • • • Based on the null results of the laser-based experiments done around the world, research is turning to other processes. One involves a weak coupling of a particle dubbed the A’ (known as a vector boson, or more colloquially, as a dark photon) that combines with a photon to create an electron/positron pair. • A positron is the antimatter twin to the electron. These combine to form two gamma ray photons with an energy of 0. 511 Me. V. Our satellites measure copious 0. 511 Me. V photons emanating from the center of the Milky Way. Two JLab experiments are being proposed. • One uses the main accelerator working in the 1 -4 Ge. V range (APEX) • The other uses the FEL operating in the ~ 0. 1 Ge. V range. (Dark. Light) Both are exciting because, while it is new research, it is still within the realm of the Standard Model.

JLab research on Dark Matter • Astronomical observations during the last century produced overwhelming evidence that there is more matter in the Universe than we can detect. – Observations from microwaves to X-rays, not just in the visible. • The current value of the matter density of the Universe is 27. 2% • The other 72. 8% is something we call Dark Energy – Responsible for the accelerating expansion of the Universe. • Of the 27. 3%, only about 5% are the baryons that make up you and me. – The remaining ~ 22% we call Dark Matter. • Currently, we only detect its presence through gravity. • We feel pretty certain some subatomic particle is responsible for this matter, and thousands of researchers worldwide are searching for it. • JLab has conducted two searches and has two more in the planning stages.

Candidate subatomic particles to explain the observations • Possibilities • There as yet undetected subatomic particles which are predicted from theory (The Standard model, or SM) • Axions • Variants of the neutrino • Subatomic particles that are not predicted by the SM (Extensions to the Standard Model) • Weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPS) • Massive compared to the mass of the proton, 938 million electron volts (Me. V) • Weakly-interacting sub-e. V particles (WISPS) • All of these families of particles have the following properties: • Do not interact with the electromagnetic force • Just gravity and the weak nuclear force

We used the FEL to do a WISP search O. K. Baker 3 rd Joint Conf. Patras, Greece

We used the CEBAF to do a WIMPS experiment • The APEX (A-prime experiment) was run in the Summer of 2010. • Searched in the range from about 65 to 550 Me. V APEX detectors Experimental team

THz/MIR Double Resonance Experiments Collaboration between JLab THz group and Harvey Rutt (U. of Southampton) Goal – detect and time-resolve the modulation of the vibrational modes from highly excited rotational modes in small gas phase molecules Method • utilize the high energy THz pulses from JLab FEL accelerator to “spin up” rotational states in gas phase molecules • high rep. rate of THz pulses (up to 75 MHz) allows for extremely sensitive lock-in techniques to be employed • CW MIR beam from globar source is modulated by an FTIR spectrometer to enable spectral measurements and produce the 2 nd modulation for the double-resonance technique • detection of side-bands off of the THz modulation frequency indicate energy exchange between rotational and vibrational modes • phase of signals contains information about the time constant of the energy exchange process (in phase = prompt/intramolecular, off phase = scattering/intermolecular) • real-time analysis software has been coded to achieve a -130 d. B noise floor through software implemented band pass filters centered at the sideband frequencies of interest • both beam paths are fully under vacuum and a gas cell has been fabricated to counterpropagate the MIR and THz beam through the gas sample Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility