PHOTOGRAPHY MATH Kade Schramm The Basics Shutter Speed

PHOTOGRAPHY MATH Kade Schramm

The Basics Shutter Speed Aperture Focal Length

Shutter Speed � � Determines how fast the shutter opens and closes Used to freeze time � Slower speeds have motion blur � Faster speeds stop movement � Particularly important in action photography

Shutter Speed Continued… � Each setting changes the amount of light that is allowed to enter the camera � Slower speeds halves the amount � Faster speeds doubles the amount � � Measured in seconds Standard speeds are � 1/1000 s, 1/500 s, 1/250 s, 1/125 s, 1/60 s, 1/30 s, 1/15 s, 1/8 s, 1/4 s, 1/2 s, and 1 s.

Examples SLOW SHUTTER Blur FAST SHUTTER No Blur Notice the tires in particular. They show the freezing of motion.

Water Can Be More Dramatic SLOW FAST

Aperture � � Known as f-stop Aperture determines how much light is allowed to enter the camera at once Used to counteract light loss or gain from shutter speed An iris in the lens that contracts to limit the light. � Larger opening doubles the light � Smaller opening halves the light

Aperture Continued � Controls the Depth of Field � Small aperture increases Depth of Field � Large aperture decreases Depth of Field � Calculated by the formula N=f/d � N=f-stop number � f= focal length of lens � d= diameter of the iris entrance � The standard f-stops are � f/1, f/1. 4, f/2. 8, f/4, f/5. 6, f/8, f/11, f/16, and f/22

Examples WIDE APERTURE NARROW APERTURE

Focal Length � Focal length is the length of the lens � Distance � of the subject to the focal point Determines how close the subject appears � Smaller focal length=subject is further away � Larger focal length = subject is closer

Focal length & Angle of View q As the focal length increases q The field of view decreases The subject appears closer As the focal length decreases q q q The field of view increases The subject seems further away The angle of view can be calculated by the formula q �=2 arctan(d/2 f) q q q �=angle of view d=size of film or digital sensor f=focal length

Example SHORT FOCAL LENGTH LONG FOCAL LENGTH