Phonology Crosslinguistic variation LING 200 Winter 2009 Plan

Phonology: Cross-linguistic variation LING 200 Winter 2009

Plan for today l Phonological typology l l Examples from Chinese and Korean Phonological rules and foreign accents l Examples from Spanish and English please turn off your cell phone l For further learning about sounds of spoken languages: LING 450

Phonological typology l = Different types of phonological systems l l l Variation in phoneme inventories Variation in phonological rules Variation in consonant, vowel sequencing restrictions

Mandarin (Chinese) vowel inventory [y] = high front rounded vowel [ɤ] = mid back unrounded vowel high front unrnd i rnd y back unrnd mid ɤ low ɑ rnd u

Mandarin vowels front high back unrnd [l�î] [ly ] ‘green’ ‘advantage’ mid low [ ] = high falling tone unrnd [lû] ‘road’ [lɤ ] ‘happy’ [lɑ ] ‘spicy’ Chia-Hui Huang, Taiwanese and Mandarin speaker

Mandarin tones l From http: //www. ling. ohiostate. edu/publications/files/lf 10_sounds. html male and female speakers

Korean vowels front unrnd central unrnd back rnd high i ɨ u mid e ʌ o low ɑ

Korean vowels front unrnd central unrnd back rnd high [pi] ‘rain’ [kɨ] ‘that’ [nuku] ‘who’ mid [ne] ‘yes, your’ [nʌ] ‘you’ [no] ‘oar’ low [nɑ] ‘I’ Sophie Ahn, from Pusan, but speaking here in Seoul (standard Korean) accent

Korean vowel length: prescriptive only modern historic [nun] ‘eye’ [nun] ‘snow’ [nu: n] [mɑl] ‘horse’ [mɑl] ‘word’ [mɑ: l] [pɑl] ‘foot’ [pɑl] ‘blind’ [pɑ: l]

Korean glides /w/ [ɥ] / C ___ i [ö ] / C ___ e [ɥ] = high front rounded glide [ö ] = mid front rounded glide [u] : [w] : : [y] : [ɥ] : : [ö] : [ö ] [wi] ‘upper part; stomach’ [tɥi] ‘behind’ [weka] ‘maternal family, house’ [k’ö e] ‘idea, scheme; quite’

Korean consonants C’ = “tense” or “fortis” (small glottal opening) p p’ ph t t’ th k k’ kh ts ts’ tsh s s’ m n h ŋ l w j

Korean tense consonants [pul] ‘fire’ [tɑl] ‘moon’ [p’ul] ‘horn’ [t’ɑl] ‘daughter’ [phul] ‘grass’ [thɑl] ‘face mask’ [ki] ‘flag’ [sɑl] ‘flesh, skin’ [k’i] ‘meal’ [s’ɑl] ‘raw rice’ [khi] ‘height’ /s/ = [sh]

Liquids in Korean One liquid phoneme /l/ [ɺ] / ___ V (unless long) ([ɺ] = alveolar lateral or retroflex flap)

Korean liquids [ɺ] [l] [uɺi] ‘we’ [mul] ‘water’ [kɑɺu] ‘powder’ [ilkop] ‘seven’ [ɺupi] ‘ruby’ [l: ] [tal: e] ‘wild garlic’ /l/ [ɺ] / ___ V (unless long)

Foreign accents and borrowed words l Foreign accents l learner’s phonology the culprit especially if language learned as adult Borrowed words l codified foreign accent: borrowed words pronounced according to phonology of borrowing language

The original shibboleth l Judges 12: 5 -6

Spanish consonants pb td kg ʧ f s m n x ɲ l w ɾ j Notice: no /h/ /x/ = voiceless velar fricative

Spanish rhotics [ɾ] [pɑɾɑ] ‘for’ [r] = /ɾɾ/ [pɑrɑ] ‘vine’ Word-initially, no contrast; [ɾ] usually [r] there

Spanish loans into English Spanish [pɑðɾes] ‘Padres’ borrowed into English [phɑdɹez] [tɑko] ‘taco’ [thɑko] [burito] ‘burrito’ [bəɹiɾoʊ] [sɑndjeɣo] ‘San Diego’ [sændiegoʊ] [ɣ] = voiced velar fricative

Where you can go wrong l Misapplying English phonology to Spanish l l Failing to learn Spanish phonology l l Aspiration (not in Spanish): [thɑko] Plural suffix –[z]: [phɑdɹez] Mid back rounded vowel not a diphthong in Spanish: [bəɹiɾoʊ] voiced fricative, not stop, after vowel: [pɑðɾes] Failing to learn Spanish phonetics l [burito] as [bəɹiɾoʊ]

No aspiration [peso] (monetary unit of Mexico) [beso] ‘kiss’ [tono] ‘tone’ [dono] ‘I donate’ [koðo] ‘elbow’ [goðo] ‘goth’ No mid vowel diphthongs [rejno] ‘kingdom’ vs. [reno] ‘reindeer’

General Roca, Argentina [xeneɾalroka]

Phonetics vs. phonology phonetics phonology transcription narrower as needed typically broad, streamlined contrast how is a particular contrast realized? what is contrastive?

Question What do you think you will still remember about the phonetics/phonology part of this class 5 years from now?