PHONOLOGY An Introduction to Linguistics BASIC CONCEPTS Phonetics

PHONOLOGY An Introduction to Linguistics

• BASIC CONCEPTS

• Phonetics vs. phonology Phonetics Describing individual speech sounds Phonology Describing sound patterns Describing the interactions between sounds

• Example • Phonetics [s] is a voiceless alveolar fricative. • [z] is a voiced alveolar fricative. • • Phonology Cats, dogs • /s/ is pronounced as [s] before a voiceless sound. • /s/ is pronounced as [z] before a voiced sound. •

• Sounds that contrast • Example • fine/dine; like/bike • Contrast • between sounds/segments [f] and [d] are contrastive sounds

• Minimal pairs • Example beat [bit]/boat [bot]/bat [baet] • lobe [lob]/load [lod] • • A pair of words whose contrast lies in only one sound. • The one-sound contrast also causes difference in meaning.

• PHONEMES AND PHONES

• Data Set 1 Set 2 cats dogs seal zeal [kæts] [dɔgz] [sil] [zil]

• • cats dogs seal zeal [kæts] [dɔgz] [sil] [zil] /s/ is a phoneme. /s/ is phonetically realized as [s] and [z] are noncontrastive because there is no change of meaning. [s] and [z] are allophones of the phoneme /s/ • • [s] and [z] are contrastive because interchanging [s] for [z] causes a change of meaning. [s] and [z] are two independent segments. S j huang

Allophones: phonetic variants of the same phoneme Phoneme /s/ [s]/[-voiced]____ [z]/[+voiced]____

How to identify phonemes and allophones • Contrastive distribution • Minimal pairs • Complementary distribution

• Complementary distribution • The pair of phones that never occur in the same environment. • When phone A appears, phone B never shows up.

Peter as a photographer Peter as Spiderman

Contrastive -Minimal pairs Non-contrastive -No minimal pairs in complementary distribution NOT in complementary distribution Phonemes Allophones

• Exercise

• Natural classes (1) class description continuants Airflow is not stopped category All categories except stops obstruents Airflow is stopped stops, fricatives, affricates sonorants Not obstruents Vowels, liquids, glides, nasals, labials With lips Bilabials, labiodentals coronals With the blade of the tongue Alveolars, palatals, affricates

• Natural classes (2) class description category anterior Before palate Bilabials, labiodentals, alveolars sibilants Producing sizzling sounds [s], [z], [š], [ž], [č/ʧ], [ʤ] syllabic As a syllable Vowels, liquids, nasals,

• PHONOLOGICAL RULES

• Phonological rules Assimilation vs. Dissimilation Insertion vs. Deletion Metathesis Strengthening vs. Weakening S j huang

• Assimilation sink /-nk/ Assimilation sink [-ŋk] • A sound becomes more like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.

• dissimilation Sixth[-ks ] Fricative dissimilation Sixth[-kst] • A sound becomes less like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.

• Insertion Hamster /h mst / Voiceless stop insertion Hamster [h mpst ] • A phonemic segment is added to the phonetic form of a word.

• deletion Ask him / skhim/ /h/-deletion Ask him [ sk_ m] • A phonemic segment is deleted at the phonetic level

• metathesis Ask / sk/ metathesis Ask [ ks] • The order of the sounds is changed.

• Syllable structure • Sequential constraints • Lexical gaps

• PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

• Phonological analysis minimal pairs Complementary distribution Phonemes and allophones Describing the interactions. Writing the rule.

• Case study

Questions?