Phonetics The Sounds of Language February 22 2014

Phonetics: The Sounds of Language February 22, 2014 Gilmara Johnson Carolyn Singleton Stacy T. Feldstein

Objective Participants will identify the sounds of American English, the symbols that represent them and their particular characteristics by listening to language patterns and sounds and analyzing language the groups.

Name that Phoneme Substitution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. An Arabic student asks, “Where is my baber? ” A Chinese student says, “Watch out for broken grass!” A Serbian student says, “I vant to eat. ” A Czech student says, “I leave in Yanuary” A Farsi student says, “When will you co back? ” A French student says, “I will stay with zem. ” A German student says, “I sink so. ” A Japanese student says, “It is bery good”. A Korean student says, “I drive a zeep. ” A Spanish student says, “He is chort” A Filipino Student says, “It is my pavorite” A Turkish student asks, “Do I get a stigger? ” A Vietnamese student says, “I got two book. ”

Phonetics The study of speech sounds Mom: “Hold on” Toddler: “I’m holing don, I’m holing don. ”

Identity of Speech Sounds �Languages differ to a greater or lesser degree in the inventory of speech sounds that words are built from. �Our linguistic knowledge makes it possible to ignore non linguistic differences. (Background noise, interference)

The Phonetic Alphabet (Fromkin et al. , p. 192) �Orthography = alphabetic spelling �Phonetics = way for the same sound to be spelled with the same letter every time, and for any letter to stand for the same sound every time.

IPA

[ə] = schwa �Sofa �represents vowels in syllables that are not emphasized in speaking and whose duration is very short � general, � about � reader �reserved for the vowel sound in all reduced syllables

Place of Articulation of English Consonants: TABLE 5. 2, p. 198 �Bilabial: �Labiodental: �Interdental: �Alveolar: �Palatal: �Velar: �Uvulars: �Glottal: p f θ t ʃ k ʀ h b v ð d ʒ g q ʔ m n t ŋ ɢ s ʃ z dʒ l r

Palatal: ʃ ʒ t ʃ dʒ �the constriction occurs by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate. � mission [mɪʃən] � Measure [mɛʒər] � cheap [tʃip] � judge [dʒʌdʒ] � yoyo [jojo]

Velar: k g ŋ �sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum �The initial and final sounds of: � kick [kɪk] � gig [gɪg �final sounds of: � back [bӕk] � bag [bӕg] � bang [bӕŋ]

Uvulars [ʀ] [q] [ɢ] �produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula, the fleshy protuberance that hangs down in the back of our throats. �The r in French is often a uvular trill symbolized by [ʀ]. �The uvular sounds [q] and [ɢ] occur in Arabic. These sounds do not ordinarily occur in English.

Glottal: h ʔ �[h] � flow of air through the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips � a vowel sound always follows [h] �[ʔ] � air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords � glottal stop: interjection “uh-oh” [ʔʌʔo]

? ? Manner of Articulation Bilabials Alveolars Velars /p/ /t/ /k/ /b/ /d/ /g/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

Manner of Articulation Voiced and Voiceless Sounds Voiced Voiceless Air obstruction Air flows freely Vibration of vocal cords No vibration of vocal cords zzzzzzz ssssssssssss

Nasal and Oral Sounds What distinguishes the bilabial voiced /m/ from /b/? m b Velum down Air escapes through nose and mouth Nasal sound Velum up Air escapes through mouth only Oral sound

Other phonetic features Activity: /t/ /s/= Describe place and manner of articulation What distinguishes them? Stops Continuants The airstream is completely blocked in the oral cavity The airstream flows continually through the mouth Affricates: A stop closure followed immediately by a slow release Fricatives: the airstream is forced through a constriction in the vocal tract causing friction Liquids: some obstruction of airstream, no real constriction /l/, /r/ Glides: (or semi-vowels)little obstruction of the airstream /j/, /w/

Silent letters & hidden sounds

Table Below: ou represents six distinct vowel sounds; the gh is silent in all but rough, where it is pronounced [f]; the th represents a single sound, either [Ð] or [ð], and the l in would is also silent.

Practice �Test questions: Listen to the questions 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

PRACTICE! p. 218 #1 #1 The first sound in each: ü a. judge [dʒ] ü b. Thomas [t] ü c. though [ð] ü d. easy [i] ü e. pneumonia [n] ü f. thought [θ] ü g. contact [k] ü h. phone [f] ü i. civic [s] ü j. usual [j]

PRACTICE! p. 218 # 2 #2: last sound in each ü a. fleece [s] ü b. neigh [e. I] ü c. long [ŋ] ü d. health [θ] ü e. watch [tʃ] ü f. cow [aʊ] ü g. rough [f] ü h. cheese [z] ü i. bleached [t] ü j. rags [z]

PRACTICE! p. 218# 3 # 3: phonetic transcription ü a. physics [f. Iz. Iks] ü k. coat [kot] ü b. merry [meri] ü l. Rodman [radmən] ü c. marry [mæri] ü m. heath [hiθ] ü d. Mary [meri] ü n. “your name” [stesi] ü e. yellow [jɛlo] ü o. touch [tətʃ] ü f. sticky [st. Iki] ü p. cough [kɔf] ü g. transcription ü q. larynx [lær. Iŋks] [trænskr. Ipʃən] ü h. Fromkin [frəmk. In] ü i. tease [t. Iz] ü j. weather [wɛðər] ü r. through [θru] ü s. beautiful [bjutəfəl] ü t. honest [anəst] ü u. president [prɛzədənt]

PRACTICE! p. 219 #5 #5 Write the words using normal English orthography. � [hit] = heat � [strok] = stroke � [fez] = phase � [ton] = tone � [boni] = bony � [skrim] = scream � [frut] = fruit � [pritʃər] = preacher � [krak] = crack � [baks] = box � [θæŋks] = thanks � [wɛnzde] = Wednesday � [krɔld] = crawled � [kantʃiɛntʃəs] = conscientious � [parləmɛntæriən] = parlimentarian � [kwəbɛk] = Quebec � [pitsə] = pizza � [bərak obamə] = Barack Obama � [dʒɔn məken] = John Mc. Cain � [tu θaʊzənd ænd et] = two thousand eight