PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION IPA
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PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION (IPA) AMERICAN PHONETIC ALPHABETH (APA)
v t e IPA pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Bilabial chart image • audio Coronal Labiodental Dental Alveolar Dorsal Post-alv. Retroflex Alveolopalatal Palatal Velar Uvular Radical Glottal Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal ↓ Manner Nasal m m Stop p b p b Fricative ɸ β f v Approximant Flap or tap ⱱ Trill ʙ Lateral Fric. ɱ n n n t d t d θ ð s z n ʃ ʒ ɳ ɳ ʈ ɖ ʂ ʐ ɲ ɕ ʑ ɲ ɲ ŋ ŋ c ɟ k ɡ q ç ʝ x ɣ χ j j ɢ ʁ ʡ ħ ʕ ʜ ʔ ʢ ʋ ɹ ɻ ⱱ ɾ ɽ ɢ ʡ r r ɽ r ʀ ᴙ* ɬ ɮ ɭ˔ ʎ ˔ Lateral Appr. l ɭ Lateral flap ɺ ɺ ʎ ɰ ɴ ʟ ʟ ʎ ʟ ʎ ʟ h ɦ
IPA Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks Implosives ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ʘ ʘ ˀ ʘ qʼ ‼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ᶑ ɠ ʛ pʼ tʼ cʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ xʼ χʼ Ejectives tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ ʼ q χ ʼ
Bilabial Labio Dental dental voiceless voiced voiceless Stop (oral) glottalize (ejective) d voiced (imploded) voiceless voiced central glottalized Affricate voiceless lateral voiced glottalized plain central Fricative lateral Nasal rhotic Liquid lateral glide Retro Alveo lar flex palatal Palatal Velar (pre-velar) Uvular Pharyngeal (post-velar) (faucal) p t t ṭ t k k q b d d ḍ d g g ġ p t t ṭ t k q g ġ č kˣ qˣ ǯ gγ ġγ b d pf tθ bv dð ʒ t θ c c č ǯ Laryngeal ʔ č ƛ λ ƛ voiceless φ f voiced β v glottalized voiceless voiced glottalized plain glottalized Alveo θ s ð z s ṣ š x x x ḥ z ẓ ž γ γ γ ʕ s ł ł M Ɱ m ɱ N n m n Ñ ṇ ñ Ṇ ŋ n r ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ṛ ʀ r l l ḷ l l w y w’ y’ ʟ h
APA Vocalics Vowels and glides. Front High Mid Low Central spread rounded glide y ẅ tense i ü lax I Ü tense e ö lax ɛ ɔ æ spread Back rounded spread rounded ÿ w ï u Ï U ə ë o ʌ ɛ ɔ a ɑ ɒ ɨ ʉ Notes: • Voiceless vocalics can be transcribed with capital letters, e. g. [W] = voiceless [w], [A] = voiceless [a].
PROPERTIES OF VOWELS TOUNGE LIP VOWELS NASALIZATION LENGTH STRESS TONE PHONATION GLIDES
FRONT PART CENTRAL BACK TOUNGE HIGH HEIGHT MID LOW
ROUNDED LIP POSITION UNROUNDED
SOME VOWELS ARE SPECIFIC FOR CERTAIN LANGUAGES: • ü high front round vowel (German, French, Turkish) • υ lax high front round vowel (Icelandic) • ӧ mid front round vowel (German, French, Turkish) • ᴐ lax mid front round vowel (Swiss, German) • ᴔ low front round vowel (French) • ɨ, ɯ central/back unrounded vowel (Turkish, Russian)
CONSONANT PROPERTIES • PLACE OF ARTICULATION v LINGUAL (dental, alveolar, alveopalatal, retrovlex, palatal) v BACK ( velar, uvular, pharyngeal, laryngeal) v Palatalized v Rounded v Velarized v Pharyngealized v Rounded v Fronted • VOICENESS (voiced vs. Voiceless) • MANNER OF ARTICULATION Ø Stop, fricatives, affricates Ø Liquids, glides, approximants Ø Lateral Ø Nasalization • ASPIRATION (aspirated vs. unaspirated) • SYLLABICITY (syllabic vs. Nonsyllabic)