Philosophy 103 Linguistics 103 Yet still Even further
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-1.jpg)
![Philosophy 103 Linguistics 103 Yet, still, Even further More Introductory Logic: Critical Thinking Dr. Philosophy 103 Linguistics 103 Yet, still, Even further More Introductory Logic: Critical Thinking Dr.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-2.jpg)
![You earned it! New Policy: All phones and digital/cellular communication devices must be off. You earned it! New Policy: All phones and digital/cellular communication devices must be off.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-3.jpg)
![Last Time: Laws of Thought: Philosophical Issues about the status of logical laws. Meaning Last Time: Laws of Thought: Philosophical Issues about the status of logical laws. Meaning](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-4.jpg)
![Plan for Today • Talk about Definitions • Time Permitting: Return to the issue Plan for Today • Talk about Definitions • Time Permitting: Return to the issue](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-5.jpg)
![Definitions: • Parts of a Definition – Definiendum: The word or term or concept Definitions: • Parts of a Definition – Definiendum: The word or term or concept](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-6.jpg)
![Types of Definitions • Lexical • Precising • Theoretical • Persuasive Types of Definitions • Lexical • Precising • Theoretical • Persuasive](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-7.jpg)
![Lexical Definition A Lexical Definition reports or describes how a term is actually used Lexical Definition A Lexical Definition reports or describes how a term is actually used](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-8.jpg)
![The ‘Idea’ of a definition i·de·a (ī-dē'ə) n. Something, such as a thought or The ‘Idea’ of a definition i·de·a (ī-dē'ə) n. Something, such as a thought or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-9.jpg)
![Precising Definition A Precising Definition is designed to reduce the vagueness of a term Precising Definition A Precising Definition is designed to reduce the vagueness of a term](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-10.jpg)
![Theoretical Definition A THEORETICAL DEFINITION assigns (stipulates) a meaning to a term by suggesting Theoretical Definition A THEORETICAL DEFINITION assigns (stipulates) a meaning to a term by suggesting](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-11.jpg)
![Examples: Theoretical Definitions Geometry: “Parallel straight lines are straight lines which, being in the Examples: Theoretical Definitions Geometry: “Parallel straight lines are straight lines which, being in the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-12.jpg)
![Pursuasive Definition A Persuasive Definition is a definition designed to produce a favorable or Pursuasive Definition A Persuasive Definition is a definition designed to produce a favorable or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-13.jpg)
![Persuasive Definition Examples Neutral Definition: Abortion: In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit Persuasive Definition Examples Neutral Definition: Abortion: In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-14.jpg)
![Unfavorable Emotive attitude definition: Abortion: The willful murder of innocent unborn children, often performed Unfavorable Emotive attitude definition: Abortion: The willful murder of innocent unborn children, often performed](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-15.jpg)
![Some Tools for Developing Definitions… • Point to a case of the Definiendum (ostention) Some Tools for Developing Definitions… • Point to a case of the Definiendum (ostention)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-16.jpg)
![Ostensive (pointing) Definition By “Dog” I mean: By “Flux Capacitor” I mean: Ostensive (pointing) Definition By “Dog” I mean: By “Flux Capacitor” I mean:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-17.jpg)
![Definition by Intension Here we indicate the characteristics or qualities that the definiendum connotes. Definition by Intension Here we indicate the characteristics or qualities that the definiendum connotes.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-18.jpg)
![Definition by Enumeration (extension) Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 Definition by Enumeration (extension) Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-19.jpg)
![Taxonomic Definition by Genus and Differentia This sort of definition relies upon the fact Taxonomic Definition by Genus and Differentia This sort of definition relies upon the fact](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-20.jpg)
![Genus and Definition Examples Term DAUGHTER PUPPY STUDENT ICE PRESIDENT HOUSE Genus Offspring Dog Genus and Definition Examples Term DAUGHTER PUPPY STUDENT ICE PRESIDENT HOUSE Genus Offspring Dog](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-21.jpg)
![Definitions and Meanings • Some terms have meaning which we record or report with Definitions and Meanings • Some terms have meaning which we record or report with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-22.jpg)
![Questions? Questions?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-23.jpg)
![NEW TOPIC: LOGICAL FORM NEW TOPIC: LOGICAL FORM](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-24.jpg)
![Good vs. Bad Arguments • Deductive Validity – IF the premises are true THEN Good vs. Bad Arguments • Deductive Validity – IF the premises are true THEN](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-25.jpg)
![Deduction and Argument Form • In order to talk about validity we need to Deduction and Argument Form • In order to talk about validity we need to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-26.jpg)
![Review: Standard Form of an Argument • Sample Argument: Socrates is mortal because all Review: Standard Form of an Argument • Sample Argument: Socrates is mortal because all](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-27.jpg)
![Logical Form of an Argument • Determining Logical FORM: If Al likes Sally then Logical Form of an Argument • Determining Logical FORM: If Al likes Sally then](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-28.jpg)
![Another example of logical form [R] Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This Another example of logical form [R] Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-29.jpg)
![Isolate Conclusion FIRST Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This can be seen Isolate Conclusion FIRST Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This can be seen](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-30.jpg)
![LIST PREMISES This can be seen by the fact that either a school is LIST PREMISES This can be seen by the fact that either a school is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-31.jpg)
![CLARIFY PREMISES 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly Religious. 2. If a CLARIFY PREMISES 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly Religious. 2. If a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-32.jpg)
![Add in an obvious assumed premise… 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly Add in an obvious assumed premise… 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-33.jpg)
![SUBSTITUTE FOR TERMS 1. If S(chool) then R(eligious) or not-R. 2. If R, then SUBSTITUTE FOR TERMS 1. If S(chool) then R(eligious) or not-R. 2. If R, then](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-34.jpg)
![Clarify 1. 2. 3. 4. If S then (R or not-R). If R, then Clarify 1. 2. 3. 4. If S then (R or not-R). If R, then](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-35.jpg)
![Issues !!! • Is the form valid? • Is the analysis here correct? (Is Issues !!! • Is the form valid? • Is the analysis here correct? (Is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-36.jpg)
![Validity and Form KEY POINT: VALIDITY is a property of FORM • If a Validity and Form KEY POINT: VALIDITY is a property of FORM • If a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-37.jpg)
![REMEMBER!!!! • Check on Homework • Remember that the first QUIZ is due this REMEMBER!!!! • Check on Homework • Remember that the first QUIZ is due this](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-38.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-39.jpg)
- Slides: 39
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-1.jpg)
![Philosophy 103 Linguistics 103 Yet still Even further More Introductory Logic Critical Thinking Dr Philosophy 103 Linguistics 103 Yet, still, Even further More Introductory Logic: Critical Thinking Dr.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-2.jpg)
Philosophy 103 Linguistics 103 Yet, still, Even further More Introductory Logic: Critical Thinking Dr. Robert Barnard
![You earned it New Policy All phones and digitalcellular communication devices must be off You earned it! New Policy: All phones and digital/cellular communication devices must be off.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-3.jpg)
You earned it! New Policy: All phones and digital/cellular communication devices must be off. ON PAIN OF POP QUIZ. …tell your pals – no more warnings…
![Last Time Laws of Thought Philosophical Issues about the status of logical laws Meaning Last Time: Laws of Thought: Philosophical Issues about the status of logical laws. Meaning](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-4.jpg)
Last Time: Laws of Thought: Philosophical Issues about the status of logical laws. Meaning • • – – Types of Meaning: Cognitive/Emotive Intension vs. Extension Ambiguity and Precision Names vs. Descriptions
![Plan for Today Talk about Definitions Time Permitting Return to the issue Plan for Today • Talk about Definitions • Time Permitting: Return to the issue](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-5.jpg)
Plan for Today • Talk about Definitions • Time Permitting: Return to the issue of logical form…
![Definitions Parts of a Definition Definiendum The word or term or concept Definitions: • Parts of a Definition – Definiendum: The word or term or concept](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-6.jpg)
Definitions: • Parts of a Definition – Definiendum: The word or term or concept to be defined – Definiens: the word or group of words which are used to define (assign a meaning to) another term or concept
![Types of Definitions Lexical Precising Theoretical Persuasive Types of Definitions • Lexical • Precising • Theoretical • Persuasive](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-7.jpg)
Types of Definitions • Lexical • Precising • Theoretical • Persuasive
![Lexical Definition A Lexical Definition reports or describes how a term is actually used Lexical Definition A Lexical Definition reports or describes how a term is actually used](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-8.jpg)
Lexical Definition A Lexical Definition reports or describes how a term is actually used in a language. Sometimes a term has more than one definition. -
![The Idea of a definition idea īdēə n Something such as a thought or The ‘Idea’ of a definition i·de·a (ī-dē'ə) n. Something, such as a thought or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-9.jpg)
The ‘Idea’ of a definition i·de·a (ī-dē'ə) n. Something, such as a thought or conception, that potentially or actually exists in the mind as a product of mental activity. 1. An opinion, conviction, or principle: has some strange political ideas. 2. A plan, scheme, or method. 3. The gist of a specific situation; significance: The idea is to finish the project under budget. 4. A notion; a fancy. There at least 3 specific philosophical definitions!!! 5. Music A theme or motif. 6. Philosophy 1. 2. 3. 7. In the philosophy of Plato, an archetype of which a corresponding being in phenomenal reality is an imperfect replica. In the philosophy of Kant, a concept of reason that is transcendent but nonempirical. In the philosophy of Hegel, absolute truth; the complete and ultimate product of reason. Obsolete A mental image of something remembered.
![Precising Definition A Precising Definition is designed to reduce the vagueness of a term Precising Definition A Precising Definition is designed to reduce the vagueness of a term](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-10.jpg)
Precising Definition A Precising Definition is designed to reduce the vagueness of a term in use. This is a kind of stipulative definition. Example: Tom is rich. (What does ‘rich’ mean? ) …we might extend the lexical definition by adding that here ‘rich’ means “has more than 5 million dollars. ” This makes the term PRECISE in our context.
![Theoretical Definition A THEORETICAL DEFINITION assigns stipulates a meaning to a term by suggesting Theoretical Definition A THEORETICAL DEFINITION assigns (stipulates) a meaning to a term by suggesting](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-11.jpg)
Theoretical Definition A THEORETICAL DEFINITION assigns (stipulates) a meaning to a term by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization of the entities theory denotes. Theoretical definitions are common in mathematics and science. They fix the meaning of a term for a specific use.
![Examples Theoretical Definitions Geometry Parallel straight lines are straight lines which being in the Examples: Theoretical Definitions Geometry: “Parallel straight lines are straight lines which, being in the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-12.jpg)
Examples: Theoretical Definitions Geometry: “Parallel straight lines are straight lines which, being in the same plane and being produced indefinitely in both directions, do not meet one another in either direction. ” (Euclid Elements I, Def 23) Chemistry: “An electron is a stable fundamental atomic particle with almost no mass and a negative charge. ”
![Pursuasive Definition A Persuasive Definition is a definition designed to produce a favorable or Pursuasive Definition A Persuasive Definition is a definition designed to produce a favorable or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-13.jpg)
Pursuasive Definition A Persuasive Definition is a definition designed to produce a favorable or unfavorable emotional attitude toward whatever is denoted by the definiendum. Persuasive definition relies upon both cognitive and emotive meaning. Since they exceed the scope of cognitive meaning, persuasive definitions are primarily rhetorical.
![Persuasive Definition Examples Neutral Definition Abortion In medicine an abortion is the premature exit Persuasive Definition Examples Neutral Definition: Abortion: In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-14.jpg)
Persuasive Definition Examples Neutral Definition: Abortion: In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit of the products of conception (the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta) from the uterus. It is the loss of a pregnancy and does not refer to why that pregnancy was lost.
![Unfavorable Emotive attitude definition Abortion The willful murder of innocent unborn children often performed Unfavorable Emotive attitude definition: Abortion: The willful murder of innocent unborn children, often performed](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-15.jpg)
Unfavorable Emotive attitude definition: Abortion: The willful murder of innocent unborn children, often performed to avoid the personal and societal consequences of wanton sexual activity. Favorable Emotive attitude definition: Abortion: The constitutionally protected act of medically resolving a pregnancy for the purpose of restoring, preserving or protecting the physical or mental health of a woman. The procedure is especially useful in protecting women from potentially debilitating consequences of rape and incest.
![Some Tools for Developing Definitions Point to a case of the Definiendum ostention Some Tools for Developing Definitions… • Point to a case of the Definiendum (ostention)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-16.jpg)
Some Tools for Developing Definitions… • Point to a case of the Definiendum (ostention) • Specify the INTENSION of the term. • Enumerate (in part or whole) the EXTENSION of the term. • Make the term precise by tracing its place in a taxonomy.
![Ostensive pointing Definition By Dog I mean By Flux Capacitor I mean Ostensive (pointing) Definition By “Dog” I mean: By “Flux Capacitor” I mean:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-17.jpg)
Ostensive (pointing) Definition By “Dog” I mean: By “Flux Capacitor” I mean:
![Definition by Intension Here we indicate the characteristics or qualities that the definiendum connotes Definition by Intension Here we indicate the characteristics or qualities that the definiendum connotes.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-18.jpg)
Definition by Intension Here we indicate the characteristics or qualities that the definiendum connotes. Square: regular figure on a Euclidian plane bounded by four sides of equal length and four right angles. Fish: cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates, with gills, commonly fins, and often an elongated body covered with scales.
![Definition by Enumeration extension Even numbers 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Definition by Enumeration (extension) Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-19.jpg)
Definition by Enumeration (extension) Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 … Blue: the common feature of blueberries, the sky on a clear day, some people’s eyes, the ocean in some places, …
![Taxonomic Definition by Genus and Differentia This sort of definition relies upon the fact Taxonomic Definition by Genus and Differentia This sort of definition relies upon the fact](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-20.jpg)
Taxonomic Definition by Genus and Differentia This sort of definition relies upon the fact that our concepts are often related by being more or less general. We have broad terms for general types and then other words for specific sub-types or case sunder the general heading. • The GENUS is the general type • The DIFFERENTIA is the characteristic that marks a specific sub-class or case. • A Genus and Differentia together define a SPECIES.
![Genus and Definition Examples Term DAUGHTER PUPPY STUDENT ICE PRESIDENT HOUSE Genus Offspring Dog Genus and Definition Examples Term DAUGHTER PUPPY STUDENT ICE PRESIDENT HOUSE Genus Offspring Dog](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-21.jpg)
Genus and Definition Examples Term DAUGHTER PUPPY STUDENT ICE PRESIDENT HOUSE Genus Offspring Dog Person Water Political Leader Structure = = = SOCRATES = Human Being + + + + Difference Female Young Enrolled in School Frozen American Free-standing , Permanent, Residential Teacher of Plato
![Definitions and Meanings Some terms have meaning which we record or report with Definitions and Meanings • Some terms have meaning which we record or report with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-22.jpg)
Definitions and Meanings • Some terms have meaning which we record or report with a lexical definition. • Some terms have more than one meaning, we use precising definition to stipulate which meaning is relevant. • Some terms are given meaning by a definition (ostensive, enumerative, theoretical) • Some definitions contain emotive content that can be confused with cognitive content.
![Questions Questions?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-23.jpg)
Questions?
![NEW TOPIC LOGICAL FORM NEW TOPIC: LOGICAL FORM](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-24.jpg)
NEW TOPIC: LOGICAL FORM
![Good vs Bad Arguments Deductive Validity IF the premises are true THEN Good vs. Bad Arguments • Deductive Validity – IF the premises are true THEN](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-25.jpg)
Good vs. Bad Arguments • Deductive Validity – IF the premises are true THEN the conclusion MUST be true. • Inductive Strength – IF the premises are true THEN the conclusion WILL BE PROBABLE. • Deductive Soundness – the deductive argument is valid AND premises are all true • Inductive Cogency—The inductive argument is strong and the premises are all true
![Deduction and Argument Form In order to talk about validity we need to Deduction and Argument Form • In order to talk about validity we need to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-26.jpg)
Deduction and Argument Form • In order to talk about validity we need to come back to the idea of an argument form. • Form is the STRUCTURE of the argument. • The Structure can either be good or bad. It can either do its job or not. • A good structure will allow the premises to support the conclusion.
![Review Standard Form of an Argument Sample Argument Socrates is mortal because all Review: Standard Form of an Argument • Sample Argument: Socrates is mortal because all](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-27.jpg)
Review: Standard Form of an Argument • Sample Argument: Socrates is mortal because all men are mortal Standard form isolates conclusion and lists ALL premises. 1) All men are mortal (given premise) 2) Socrates is a man (implied premise) 3) Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion) •
![Logical Form of an Argument Determining Logical FORM If Al likes Sally then Logical Form of an Argument • Determining Logical FORM: If Al likes Sally then](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-28.jpg)
Logical Form of an Argument • Determining Logical FORM: If Al likes Sally then Al will ask Sally out If -- P -- then - Q-- Al likes Sally -- P – Therefore Al will ask Sally out Therefore -- Q -- We Determine FORM by isolating the logical structure of the argument.
![Another example of logical form R Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs This Another example of logical form [R] Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-29.jpg)
Another example of logical form [R] Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This can be seen by the fact that either a school is religious or not. And if it isn’t it either teaches a form of secular humanism or teaches atheism by teaching nothing. Both humanism and atheism therefore teach specific beliefs about religion.
![Isolate Conclusion FIRST Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs This can be seen Isolate Conclusion FIRST Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This can be seen](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-30.jpg)
Isolate Conclusion FIRST Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs. This can be seen by the fact that either a school is religious or not. And if it isn’t openly religious then it either teaches a form of secular humanism or teaches atheism by teaching nothing. Both humanism and atheism therefore teach specific beliefs about religion.
![LIST PREMISES This can be seen by the fact that either a school is LIST PREMISES This can be seen by the fact that either a school is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-31.jpg)
LIST PREMISES This can be seen by the fact that either a school is religious or not. And if it isn’t openly religious then it either teaches a form of secular humanism or teaches atheism by teaching nothing. Both humanism and atheism therefore teach specific beliefs about religion. Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs.
![CLARIFY PREMISES 1 Every school is openly Religious or notopenly Religious 2 If a CLARIFY PREMISES 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly Religious. 2. If a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-32.jpg)
CLARIFY PREMISES 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly Religious. 2. If a school is not openly religious then it either teaches secular humanism or teaches atheism by teaching nothing. 3. Both humanism and atheism are specific beliefs about religion. SO… 4. Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs.
![Add in an obvious assumed premise 1 Every school is openly Religious or notopenly Add in an obvious assumed premise… 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-33.jpg)
Add in an obvious assumed premise… 1. Every school is openly Religious or not-openly Religious. 2. All openly Religious schools teach religion and religious beliefs 3. Both humanism and atheism are specific beliefs about religion. (re-ordered). 4. If a school is not openly religious then it either teaches secular humanism or teaches atheism by teaching nothing. SO… 5. Every school teaches religion and religious beliefs.
![SUBSTITUTE FOR TERMS 1 If School then Religious or notR 2 If R then SUBSTITUTE FOR TERMS 1. If S(chool) then R(eligious) or not-R. 2. If R, then](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-34.jpg)
SUBSTITUTE FOR TERMS 1. If S(chool) then R(eligious) or not-R. 2. If R, then T(eaches religion) 3. If not-R then H (teach humanism) or A (teaches atheism) (old 4 moved up) 4. If H then T and If A then T SO… 5. Every S is T
![Clarify 1 2 3 4 If S then R or notR If R then Clarify 1. 2. 3. 4. If S then (R or not-R). If R, then](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-35.jpg)
Clarify 1. 2. 3. 4. If S then (R or not-R). If R, then T If not-R then (H or A) (If H then T) and (If A then T) SO… 5. If S then T (re-stated ‘if x then y’ = ‘all x are y’
![Issues Is the form valid Is the analysis here correct Is Issues !!! • Is the form valid? • Is the analysis here correct? (Is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-36.jpg)
Issues !!! • Is the form valid? • Is the analysis here correct? (Is Religious belief the same as belief about religion? ) • Are the premises true (soundness? )
![Validity and Form KEY POINT VALIDITY is a property of FORM If a Validity and Form KEY POINT: VALIDITY is a property of FORM • If a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-37.jpg)
Validity and Form KEY POINT: VALIDITY is a property of FORM • If a given argument is valid, then ANY argument with the SAME FORM must also be VALID. • Likewise: if a given argument is not valid, then ANY argument with the SAME FORM must also be INVALID.
![REMEMBER Check on Homework Remember that the first QUIZ is due this REMEMBER!!!! • Check on Homework • Remember that the first QUIZ is due this](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-38.jpg)
REMEMBER!!!! • Check on Homework • Remember that the first QUIZ is due this week • Quiz PW is “fallacy” • Quiz is 1 take only! • Quiz is open between T and R only! • You have 200 minutes to complete 75 items.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/037778317e0d91f6936c1cd024acc0ed/image-39.jpg)
Still not there yet
Applied linguistics history
Language
Recursive definition of language in automata
Regular expression of even even language
Further applications of integration
Cohesion
Further applications of integration
English for further studies
Further education support service
Elastic potential energy equation further maths
Sell or process further decision
Further applications of integration
Itemised rating scale
Further study design
Further applications of integration
Myerscough college foundation learning
"not for distribution" confidential
Further mechanics 1 unit test 1 momentum and impulse
Havering college of further and higher education
Time series further maths
Further applications of integration
Fantail in ship
Letter asking for information
This is to certify that has successfully completed
Shropshireda
Definition of extended metaphor
Further applications of integration
Dr frost further kinematics
Force-couple system examples
Don't eat the marshmallow yet
Jeb likes cars but he can't drive yet
Most yet black hole
Tense in hindi
Shakespeare sonnet 29
Yet herein i will imitate the sun
Yet here's a spot
Yet transition word
Bash framework
Present perfect simple ever never