PHENIX of the Future Ed OBrien 2007 RHICAGS

PHENIX of the Future Ed O’Brien 2007 RHIC/AGS Users Meeting June 22, 2007 Brookhaven National Lab 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

The RHIC Physics Program New State of Partonic Matter Origin of Nucleon Spin RHIC 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

The PHENIX Detector (2007 Run) Ø Ø Ø Detector Redundancy Fine Granularity, Mass Resolution High Data Rate Good Particle ID Limited Acceptance Charged Particle Tracking: Drift Chamber Pad Chamber Time Expansion Chamber/TRD Cathode Strip Chambers(Mu Tracking) Particle ID: Time of Flight (East and West) Ring Imaging Cerenkov Counter TEC/TRD Muon ID (PDT’s) Aerogel Cerenkov Counter Hadron Blind Detector Calorimetry: Pb Scintillator Pb Glass Muon Piston Calorimeter Event Characterization: Reaction Plane Detector Beam-Beam Counter Zero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max Detector Forward Calorimeter 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

The RHIC Run History The RHIC machine performance has been very impressive: ØCollided 4 different species in 7 years • Au. Au, d. Au, pp, Cu. Cu Most machine design luminosity specs have been surpassed ! Ø 6 energies run • 9. 2 Ge. V, 19 Ge. V, 22. 5 Ge. V, 62. 4 Ge. V, 130 Ge. V, 200 Ge. V Ldt PHENIX Year Species s 1/2 [Ge. V ] Run 1 2000 Au-Au 130 1 Run 2 2001/02 Au-Au p-p 200 19 200 24 Ntot (sampled) Data Size mb-1 10 M 3 TB mb-1 -----0. 15 pb-1 170 M <1 M 3. 7 G 10 TB 2. 74 nb-1 0. 35 pb-1 5. 5 G 6. 6 G 46 TB 35 TB mb-1 1. 5 G 58 M 270 TB 10 TB 20 TB Run 3 2002/03 d-Au p-p 200 Run 4 2003/04 Au-Au 200 62. 4 Cu-Cu p-p 200 62. 4 200 3 0. 19 2. 7 3. 8 10. 7 pb-1 0. 1 pb-1 233 G 10 G Transferred 0. 6 PB of data to Japan via the 310 TB GRID for 25 TB Analysis in 2005/06 mb-1 4. 6 G 570 TB Run 5 2005 Run-6 2006 p-p 200 62. 4 Run-7 2007 Au-Au 2007 RHIC Users Meeting 241 9 725 nb-1 mb-1 pb-1 Ed O’Brien 8. 6 G 0. 4 G 9 M 85 G 173 TB 48 TB 1 TB 262 TB June 22, 2007

Comparable Data Archiving Rates ALICE PHENIX Run-5, 6, 7 All in MB/s all approximate PHENIX Run Control ~1250 PHENIX Run-4 ~600 PHENIX Run-3 PHENIX Run-2 CMS ATLAS ~150 LHCb ~100 ~25 ~100 ~40 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Processing of PHENIX Data • Data Production takes place at 5 -6 sites – RHIC Computing Facility, CC-J (RIKEN), CC -F( Ecole Polytechnique), PHENIX Counting House, ORNL, Vanderbilt – We have made substantial use of the GRID (> 600 TB transferred to Japan) • With the exception of some specialized jobs, data production from earlier runs is complete • We anticipate MB data production for Run-7 will start in the early summer at RCF. – Preliminary data production for Run-7 is ongoing at CC-F and Vanderbilt. 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Aerogel Examples of Recent Progress Hadron Blind Detector Time of Flight-West z-vertex selections by BBC RXN north charged mult. (a. u. ) MPC 2007 RHIC Users Meeting [-40, 40] cm [-30, -20] cm [-5, 5] cm [20, 30] cm RXN south charged mult. (a. u. ) Ed O’Brien Reaction Plane Detector June 22, 2007

The RHIC Physics Program New State of Partonic Matter Origin of Nucleon Spin RHIC Gluon Saturation & Color Glass QCD Critical Point low x high x 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

The Upgraded PHENIX Detector Charged Particle Tracking: Ø Detector Redundancy Drift Chamber Ø Granularity, Mass Resolution Pad. Fine Chamber Time Expansion Ø High Data. Chamber/TRD Rate Cathode Strip Chambers(Mu Tracking) Ø Good. Muon Particle IDDetector (Mu. Trig) Forward Trigger Si Tracking Detector- Barrel (VTX) ØVertex Limited Acceptance Si Vertex Endcap (FVTX) Charged. ID: Particle Tracking: Particle Drift Time Chamber of Flight Pad Chamber Ring Imaging Cerenkov Counter Time Expansion Chamber/TRD TEC/TRD Cathode Chambers(Mu Tracking) Muon IDStrip (PDT’s) Aerogel Particle ID: Cerenkov Counter Multi-Resistive Plateand Chamber Time of Flight (East West) Time of Flight Hadron Blind Cerenkov Detector Counter Ring Imaging TEC/TRD Calorimetry: Muon ID (PDT’s) Pb Scintillator Aerogel Pb Glass. Cerenkov Counter Hadron Blind Calorimeter Nose Cone Calorimeter (NCC) Muon Piston Calorimeter Calorimetry: Scintillator Event. Pb Characterization: Pb Glass Beam-Beam Counter Muon Piston Calorimeter Zero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max Detector Calorimeter Event. Forward Characterization: Reaction Plane Detector Multiplicity Vertex Detector (Si Strip, Pad) Data Beam-Beam Acquisition: Counter Zero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max Detector DAQ Upgrade Forward Calorimeter 2007 RHIC Users Meeting VTX+ FVTX +FVTX Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Run-3 FVTX CENTRAL ARMS FVTX Run-10 Run-11 Run-7 CENTRAL ARMS VTX Run-11 MPC MUON ARMS Run -6 NCC MUON ARMS Run-11 MPC f coverage NCC Run-2 2 p Future PHENIX Acceptance for Hard Probes 0 Baseline -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 a) Heavy flavor with precision vertex tracking with silicon detectors b) Direct g and p 0 with combination of all electromagnetic calorimeters c) Combine a) & b) for jet tomography with g-jet 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007 3 ra

Future Upgrades Silicon VTX and FVTX Mu. Trig Station 1 Mu. Trig Station 2 Nose Cone Calorimeter 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Mu. Trig Station 3 Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Upgrade Schedule Scenario 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Aerogel TOF-W MPC RXNP HBD VTX-barrel FVTX-endcap NCC Mu. Trigger DAQ R&D Phase 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Construction Phase Ed O’Brien Ready for Data June 22, 2007

RHIC Physics Program Heavy Ion Physics: • QCD Phase Transition: new state of partonic matter (s. Quark Gluon Plasma) ØGlobal (d. N/dh, HBT, ET, fluctuations) ØParticle Spectra and ratios Ø Photons and Thermal Radiation (including e +e- continuum) Ø Azimuthal Anisotropy (v 2) ØJ/Y Production/ Absorption ØEnergy Loss, RAA ØJet Modifications ØHeavy Quark/Open Charm Polarized Protons: • Nucleon Spin ØGluon spin: G ØW-parity sea quark spin: ubar, dbar ØNucleon transverse spin distr. , transversity Proton-Nucleus: • Structure function physics ØGluon saturation ØShadowing, anti-shadowing… ØColor Glass Condensate ØCold nuclear physics (Cronin effect) Search for the QCD Critical Point: • Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m. B) ? ØGlobal (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p. T>) ØParticle spectra and ratios Øe+e- continuum ØAzimuthal Anisotropy (v 2), v 2 scaling with quark number ØEnergy Loss, RAA ØJet Modification, shape of away-side peak 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Upgrade Physics 2002 2003 Aerogel 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Flavor Tagged high p. T Physics TOF-W Flavor Tagged high p. T Physics A LL, A N Spin structure forward h MPC Elliptic flow, esp. heavy quark v 2 RXNP HBD Low mass di-electrons VTX-barrel VTX-endcap NCC heavy quark spectroscopy, g-jet, jet tomography, CGC heavy quark physics, g-jet, CGC, jet tomography, Mu. Trigger DAQ Quark spin structure, W-production New subsystems, higher luminosity, higher data rates R&D Phase 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Construction Phase Ed O’Brien Ready for Data June 22, 2007

PHENIX Upgrades FVTX Si Endcaps Nose Cone Calorimeter VTX Si Barrel The VTX, FVTX and NCC both individually and in combination make the following measurements possible: – – – Heavy quark behavior (c, b quark characteristics in dense medium) Charmonium spectroscopy (J/ , ’ , c and ) Gluon spin structure ( G/G) through g-jet correlations Transversity A-, p. T-, x-dependence of the parton structure of nuclei Gluon saturation and the color glass condensate at low x 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Barrel VTX Detector • Specifications: – – Large acceptance ( f ~ 2 p and |h| < 1. 2) Displaced vertex measurement s < 40 mm Charged particle tracking sp/p ~ 5% p at high p. T Detector must work for both HI and pp collisions. • Technology Choice – Hybrid pixel detectors developed at CERN for ALICE – Strip detectors, sensors developed at BNL with FNAL’s SVX 4 readout chip Hybrid Pixel Detectors (50 mm x 425 mm) at R ~ 2. 5 & 5 cm Strip Detectors (80 mm x 3 cm) at R ~ 10 & 14 cm strip layers |h|<1. 2 pixel layers f ~ 2 p z ~ ± 10 cm beam pipe 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

VTX Separation of c, b v 2 PHENIX RUN 4 preliminary Expected with VTX @ RHIC (1 RUN) Kaon contribution is subtracted • v 2 of single electron is measured by PHENIX in RUN 4 • The measured v 2 is mixture of b e and c e • With VTX, we can separate b e and c e component 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

VTX Measurement of RAA for c and b PHENIX RUN 4 preliminary 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Expected with VTX for first Au+Au run Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Nose Cone Calorimeter Tungsten-Silicon Calorimeter • Combination EM and Hadronic section • Includes both preshower and shower max sections to optimize p 0 identification • Smallest practical Moliere radius needed due to location 40 cm from PHENIX IP • Covers 2 p in azimuth and 1. 0 < h < 3. 0 10 Ge. V electron σ = 10% 500 um pitch Strips (“Stri. Pixels”) PS Silicon pads 1. 5 x 1. 5 cm 2 SM “pre-shower” “shower max” Readout in 3 longitudinal units EM 1 EM 2 electromagnetic Depth: 42 X 0 (1. 6 λABS) R 2007 ~1. 8 cm RHIC Users Meeting Moliere HAD hadron identifier Tungsten 3 mm (EM) & 15 mm (HAD) Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Nose Cone Calorimeter Physics Program of NCC includes: • • • Factor of 5 increase in coverage for g-jet measurements Energy loss at forward rapidiites Charm through electron channel at forward rapidities Suppression effects of c in HI collisions Nuclear modification factor (CGC effects) in d. Au using p 0, h Transverse Spin Physics Gluon Saturation/CGC 2007 RHIC Users Meeting g-jet measurements Energy loss at forward h Measurement of the c Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Forward Silicon Vertex Detector - FVTX Specifications: • 2 endcaps • 4 pixelpad layers/endcap • ~550 k channels/endcap • Electronics a mod of BTe. V readout chip • Fully integrated mech design w/ VTX • 2 p coverage in azimuth and 1. 2 < | h | < 2. 4 • Better than 100 mm displaced vertex resolution 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Forward Silicon Vertex Detector - FVTX J/ , ’ separation Physics Program of FVTX includes Direct measure of B • • • Resolving J/ and ’ in Muon arms Resolving at y=0 using Muon arms Direct measure of B meson through displaced J/ Drell-Yan Measurements in d. Au at both forward and midrapidities c, b ID for both HI physics & G spin measurements Nuclear modification factor (CGC effects) in d. Au using hadrons, c, b, and J/ Hadron suppression at forward h 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Large expansion of x coverage Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Muon Trigger Mu. Trig Station 1 The Muon Trigger Upgrade consists of: • 6 Stations of Resistive Plate Chambers Mu. Trig Station 1 – 3 North, 3 South • Addition of LVL 1 electronics to Mu. Tracker – St 2, St 3 North and St 2, St 3 South Mu. Trig Station 2 • Increases LVL 1 rejection by 2 orders of magnitude Mu. Trig Station 3 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Mu. Trig Station 2 Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Muon Trigger Measuring sea quark contributions to proton spin via W production at RHIC Ws in polarized p-p: • limited x-coverage • high Q 2 theoretically clean • no Form Factor-info needed 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

RHIC Physics Program Heavy Ion Physics: • QCD Phase Transition: new state of partonic matter (s. Quark Gluon Plasma) ØGlobal (d. N/dh, HBT, ET, fluctuations) ØParticle Spectra and ratios Ø Photons and Thermal Radiation (including e +e- continuum) Ø Azimuthal Anisotropy (v 2) ØJ/Y Production/ Absorption ØEnergy Loss, RAA ØJet Modifications ØHeavy Quark/Open Charm Polarized Protons: • Nucleon Spin ØGluon spin: G ØW-parity sea quark spin: ubar, dbar ØNucleon transverse spin distr. , transversity Proton-Nucleus: • Structure function physics ØGluon saturation ØShadowing, anti-shadowing… ØColor Glass Condensate ØCold nuclear physics (Cronin effect) Search for the QCD Critical Point: • Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m. B) ? ØGlobal (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p. T>) ØParticle spectra and ratios Øe+e- continuum ØAzimuthal Anisotropy (v 2), v 2 scaling with quark number ØEnergy Loss, RAA ØJet Modification, shape of away-side peak 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

RHIC Physics Program Heavy Ion Physics: • QCD Phase Transition: new state of partonic matter (s. Quark Gluon Plasma) ØGlobal (d. N/dh, HBT, ET, fluctuations) ØParticle Spectra and ratios Ø Photons and Thermal Radiation (including e +e- continuum) Ø Azimuthal Anisotropy (v 2) ØJ/Y Production/ Absorption ØEnergy Loss, RAA ØJet Modifications ØHeavy Quark/Open Charm Polarized Protons: • Nucleon Spin Topics addressed by PHENIX Upgrades ØGluon spin: G ØW-parity sea quark spin: ubar, dbar ØNucleon transverse spin distr. , transversity Proton-Nucleus: • Structure function physics ØGluon saturation ØShadowing, anti-shadowing… ØColor Glass Condensate ØCold nuclear physics (Cronin effect) Search for the QCD Critical Point: • Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m. B) ? ØGlobal (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p. T>) ØParticle spectra and ratios Øe+e- continuum ØAzimuthal Anisotropy (v 2), v 2 scaling with quark number ØEnergy Loss, RAA ØJet Modification, shape of away-side peak 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Nucleon Spin Structure: Physics Impact of VTX, FVTX, NCC & Muon Trigger Upgrades Physics Goals Present vs with upgrades determine first moment of the spin dependent gluon distribution, ∫ 01ΔG(x)dx. Inclusive hadrons + photons heavy flavor, photons, photon-jet increase x-range parton kinematics flavor seperation of quark and anti-quark spin distributions not possible without upgrades , AN for inclusive hadronen measurement of transversity quark distributions. AT in Interference-Fragmentation AT Collins FF in jets AN for back-to-back hadronen AN, T jets, DY Sivers Effect Measurement of the Sivers distributions 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics studies with Low Energy RHIC Running Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m. B) ? Vary energy and possibly beam species and measure: • Global (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p. T>) • Particle spectra and ratios • e+e- continuum • Azimuthal Anisotropy (v 2), v 2 scaling with quark number • Energy Loss, RAA • Jet Modification, shape of away-side peak 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics studies with Low Energy RHIC Running Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m. B) ? Vary energy and possibly beam species and measure: • Azimuthal Anisotropy (v 2), v 2 scaling with quark number • Energy Loss, RAA • Jet Modification, shape of away-side peak Scaling of v 2 by #quarks Jet modification/Wake front 2007 RHIC Users Meeting RAA vs s ½ and beam species Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics studies with Low Energy RHIC Running Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m. B) ? Vary energy and possibly beam species and measure: • Global (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p. T>) • Particle spectra and ratios Multiplicity Fluctuation: Universal Scaling + 1/2 • e e continuum p/p ratio vs s 0. 2<p <2. 0 Ge. V/c T s 2/m 2 α Npart-1. 40± 0. 03 e+e- continuum 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Low Energy Running Hypothetical Run Strategy • ~few M events/energy point • 4 -5 points s ½ ranging from s ½ =5 Ge. V to 30 Ge. V Run once in next 2 -3 years with current detector including HBD Run a second time with enhanced luminosity and Central region upgrade • VTX+FVTX+NCC A small diamond would really help here 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics of the Perfect Fluid Two of the most important discoveries at RHIC came in the first year Jet Quenching observed in charged hadrons and po vs centrality PHENIX: PRL 88, (2002) 022301 Azimuthal anisotropy observed For charged particles vs centrality STAR: PRL 86, (2001) 402 Charged Particles V 2 Hydro Limit nch/nmax dn/df ~ 1 + 2 v 2(p. T) cos (2 f) +. . . Hadron production in Central collisions was nearly a factor of 5 less than what was observed in peripheral collisions. Azimuthal asymmetry of charged particles observed as a function of p. T and Centrality 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics of the Perfect Fluid The Matter Created is Very Opaque. p 0 is Suppressed out to 20 Ge. V/c central Ncoll = 975 94 Hadron are suppressed Direct photons are NOT e > 15 Ge. V/fm 3; d. Ng/dy > 1100 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics of the Perfect Fluid: Energy Loss The energy loss mechanism is far from understood Suppression level for non-photonic electrons (presumably leptons from c, b decays) is the almost same as p 0 and h in high p. T region RAA for non-photonic electrons 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics of the Perfect Fluid Elliptic Flow: v 2 Non-zero elliptic flow for heavy-flavor electron → indicates non-zero D v 2 for non-photonic electrons (heavy quark decays) Scaling of v 2 by #quarks Kaon contribution is subtracted If partonic thermalization is driving the flow of the light quarks, then does v 2 of nonphotonic electrons mean both the c and b quarks are thermalized too? Do the c and b quarks flow differently? 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics of the Perfect Fluid: J/ Suppression Mechanisms Less suppression at central rapidity than at forward rapidities Same suppression levels at RHIC as seen at NA-50 It is hard for existing suppression mechanisms to explain this data. More data needed for J/y, y’, cc and 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics of the Perfect Fluid: Jet Modification The physical processes governing Jet Modification at RHIC are not understood, separating medium effects from geometric and surface effects are difficult and require both sophisticated detectors and analysis tools Jet modification Disappearance of away-side jet in central Au. Au collisions Near-side Jet Far-side jet Pedestal&flow subtracted Are we observing a wake front traveling through the partonic fluid? 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Physics of the Perfect Fluid RHIC has produced billions of events, from which we have created thousands of plots, publishing over a hundred papers in seven years of operation. No models come close to explaining the many characteristics of the partonic matter we have created at RHIC 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Conclusion - 1 New State of Partonic Matter Origin of Nucleon Spin RHIC • We have a four component physics program which uses RHIC to explore some of the most important questions in QCD • RHIC capabilities make it uniquely suited Gluon Saturation & Color Glass to carry out this program QCD Critical Point • We have a detailed upgrade plan for the low x future that we are starting to implement high x 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007

Conclusion - 2 New State of Partonic Matter Origin of Nucleon Spin RHIC II is: • 10 X Luminosity Upgrade. RHIC • Order of Magnitude increase in Detector Acceptance or DAQ Rate • Order of Magnitude S/B improvement for many physics signals Potentially a 3 order of magnitude improvement in physics performance When RHIC started running in 2000 many were looking to create a QGP that would display many interesting QCD characteristics. Instead we have created partonic matter (The Perfect Fluid) that may be as fundamental to QCD as the proton. Gluon Saturation or Color Glass With RHIC II we will create more of that matter, capture more of the QCD Critical Point events and study it more precisely. low x high x 2007 RHIC Users Meeting Ed O’Brien June 22, 2007