Phase 2 of the French Revolution Radical Phase

Phase 2 of the French Revolution Radical Phase and

September Massacres continue September Massacres - gangs of armed sans culottes began a wave of killings in Paris from September 2 – 7, 1792. This marked the beginning of the Radical Phase of the Revolution Over 1500 people were killed in Paris, including about 200 priests, hundreds of Swiss guards & many petty criminals. At Versailles, a mob broke into the prison and slaughtered 30 inmates including a former minister to Louis XVI. The highest profile victim was Princess Marie Thérèse, a lady-in-waiting to the queen. She was not a political figure but her proximity to the queen had made her a target - Princess Marie-was taken from a prison in Paris by a vicious mob, was brutally gang-raped murdered and dismembered - her head removed and her breasts & genitals were hacked off. No one was prosecuted for the killings. This violence spread to the countryside and other cities.

Phase II: The Radical Phase Begins (17921795) September 21, 1792: Legislative Assembly dissolved. The NATIONAL CONVENTION replaces it. RESULT: - Constitution of 1791 put aside - Republic Established - Monarchy Abolished & king is no longer a king - King now a common citizen & prisoner of the state December 3, 1792: King indicted on 33 crimes - King tried, found guilt of TREASON & sentenced to death King Louis says goodbye to his family January 1793

Fate of the Royal Family If the royal family lived, the monarchy could be restored. So the royal couple was tried and convicted of treason - Louis XVI was guillotined Jan. 1793 - Marie Antoinette guillotined Oct 1793 Daughter Marie-Thérèse was allowed to go to Vienna in 1795 - She could not become queen because of a law, which did not allow females to succeed to the French throne Son Louis-Charles, Louis XVII (1785 -1795) was beaten and mistreated until he died in prison

Phase 2: The Reign of Terror A year after the September Massacres marks the beginning of the Terror- September 3, 1793. It Ends in July 1794.

Vocabulary Phase 2

Robespierre A French lawyer and politician, he was a member of the 3 rd Estate in the Estates General 1788 90. He opposed the death penalty and slavery. He wanted equality of rights, male suffrage, and a republic. In 1791, he was named: incorruptible, an honor bestowed upon him by the people, for his purity of principles, his modest ways of living, and his refusal of bribes. He put the internal stability of the people ahead of the militarism of the Assembly which wanted to declare war in 1792. He led the 12 man. Committee of Public Safety of the National Convention in 1793.

Reign of Terror: 1793 - 1794 National Convention forms: • Committee of Public Safety: its goal was to protect Revolution from its enemies • Maximilien Robespierre now the leader & becomes dictator the – – – Had absolute power Tried to save the Revolution Put a huge tax on people to pay for war Draft 300, 000 men ages 18 to 40 in 1793 by 1794 army = 800, 000 including women In charge of trials and executions – 300, 000 arrested and given fake trials called tribunals; no writ of habeas corpus – 12, 000 guillotined including leaders of the revolution; – 85% of those guillotined were urban poor, middle class or peasants for whom the revolution was started – Many executed under Robespierre for not being radical enough so they are traitors

Reign of Terror: Victims “Suspects shall be locked up…proof to convict is…any kind of evidence… if proof already exists…no need for witnesses…penalty is death. ” 1. 55 year old man was accused of keeping food in his barn for Austrian troops so was guillotined 2. 37 year old bar owner sold sour wine to French soldiers and was guillotined 3. A wagoneer was given 12 years of hard labor during which he said ‘Long Live the King’ so he was executed 4. A woman wept at the news of her husband’s death sentence was forced to sit at the blade to watch him beheaded then was executed 5. Oldest executed 94 year old woman; youngest 14 year old girl

More Terror and Violence In Lyons, France 300 were executed by canon because guillotine too slow In Nantes, France 2000 towed to river and sunk on a barge…all drowned and birds ate them In total there were 25, 000 summary executions meaning a person is accused of a crime and then immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial. Estimated death toll 1792 - 1794: 203, 000

THE END OF THE REIGN OF TERROR • July 27, 1794 – Reign of Terror ends • In last 132 days more than 2100 were executed, most were from former 3 rd estate • Convention sends Robespierre and other members of the Committee of Guillotine Toll: 1031 - nobles 674 – clergy 2923 - Public Safety to the guillotine middle class 7878 - workers or peasants Robespierre was guillotined on July 23, nd E The

Terror Review 1. What type of government did the Radical Phase start with? 2. Why was the committee of public safety formed? 3. Who was Robespierre? 4. How many people were arrested by the committee? How many executed by the committee? 5. How did the Radical Phase end?