Pharmacology introduction DR NARENDRA KUMAR Assistant Professor Introduction

Pharmacology introduction DR NARENDRA KUMAR Assistant Professor

Introduction Living Organism DRUG Physiology Physiological functions Y G O L O C A PHARM Pharmacology Chemical Reactions Biochemistry

As per WHO Scientific group “Any Substance or product that is used and intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological system or pathological state for the benefit of the recipient “

Drug categories Prescription drugs Are used under only medical supervision and dispensed by an order of medical practitioner only OTC drugs Can be sold over the counter without prescription

of the drug , its Deals with mech ADME process anism i. e. of what the Pharmacokinetics body does to action the anddrug relatio n b/w Clinical its Pharmacodynamics applica plasm tion of a pharm conce acodyn ntratio amics n , its and Pharmacotherapeutics respo pharm nse acokin and clinical evaluations of Deals with the comparative etics durati its therapeutic efficacy Clinical pharmacology new drug for developing informa on of and safety tion to actiona cure Deals with the toxicityi. e. and poisonous effects of diseas Toxicology various chemicals and also with the symptoms What e. and treatment of poisoning the Sub divisions of Pharmacology

Pharmacology Chemotherapy Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Deals with the systemic Deals infection with the or malignancy study ofwith drugs inherited with selective (singletoxicity for geneinfecting organisms. mediated )differenc es in the Deals drug with themetabolis genetic make m or drugup (Genome) response of individual to in choose drug humans. therapy. Pharmacoepidemeiology Deals with the study of use and effects of the drug in large population to establish risk: Benefit ratio of the drug. Pharmacovigilance Deals with the continuous monitoring for unwanted effects and other safety related aspects of marketed drugs. Science related to DAUP (Detection, Assessment. Understanding and Prevention)

Sources of Information Drug Compendia Pharmacopoeias Formularies Non Official Martindale Official Pharmacopoeias Formulary British pharmacopoeias Pharmaceutical codex(by pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ) United states Pharmacopoeias National Formulary (by American Pharmaceutical Association) Indian Pharmacopoeias National Formulary of India

Non offical Compendia Serves as Secondary Source of drug Information both by Generic name and Trade name This Information is generalized and is not restricted to only those drugs which are approved for use by the legally constituted committee of that country. For Example : 1. AMA Drug Evaluation : by American Medical Association and Council on Drugs 2. Modern Drug Encyclopedia: by Yorkee Medical books , New York, USA 3. Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) : by Medical Economics Publications , USA 4. Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeias : by Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.

DRUG NOMENCLATURE A drug generally has three categories of names: (a)Chemical name § It describes the substance chemically, e. g. 1(Isopropylamino )-3 -(1 -naphthyloxy) propan-2 –ol for propranolol. (b) Non-proprietary / official name / Approved name § Name in the official books accepted all over the world (c)Proprietary (Brand) name § Crocin for Paracetamol

Essential medicines, as defined by the WHO are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford. "

Orphan Drugs These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/ prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease (endemic only in resource poor countries) for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing it will be recovered from the sales of that drug. e. g. sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B, , rifabutin, , somatropin, digoxin immune Fab (digoxin antibody), liothyronine (T 3) and many more. Governments in developed countries offer tax benefits and other incentives to pharmaceutical companies for developing and marketing orphan drugs (e. g. Orphan Drug Act in USA).

Laws governing Drugs (Drugs Schedule ) AS per detailed in USP Vol. XXII and by NF Schedule I Includes the drugs with high potential of Abuse Eg. LSD, Heroin. Marijuana, Flunitrazepam and Methaqualone Schedule II Includes morphine , codiene, pethidine, fentanyl, cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, pentobarbital and secobarbital. these can be used under medical supervision only Schedule III The drugs with moderate physical and psychological dependence eg. Stanzolol, ketamine , nalorphine , thiopental , suppository form of secobarbital and pentobarbital etc Schedule IV They have low potential for abuse and have limited physical and pshycological dependence eg. Long acting barbiturates , Benzodiazapines, Propoxyphene , Pentazocine , Premolineolpidem and Zaleplon Schedule V They have minimal use abuse potential and minimum dependence liability eg Lamotil and formulation containing Codiene while others are OTC drugs. ,

M-III- Mfg of medical devices M-II- Mfg of Cosmetics M 1 - Mfg of Homeopathi c Drugs MGMP APrescribe d forms B-State fees C and C 1 Biological and special products DImport of Drugs E 1 Poisonous Substance s F& Schedules K-Exemtions from provisions of chapter IV of drug act F(I)Standards Of Bacterial Vaccines FFOpthalmic preparations J-List of Ailments HPrescriptio n Drugs F(III)G- Drugs Umbilical with Label tapes CAUTION F(II)Surgical dressings and bandage cloth

whi ch can be mar kete d und Y- req. & guidelines on clinical trials, import & mfg of new drugs. X- Pshycotropic drugs req. special licences for mfg and sale N- equipments, entrance , premises, furnitur e, apparatus & general provisions O-Disinfectants fluids P- Expiry period P 1 - Pack Sizes of drugs Schedules Q- Dyes , colours, pigments used in cosmetics and soaps V-Patents & Proprietary medicine U & U 1 - Mfg Records T-requirments of factory premises, hygienic conditions for Ayurvedic & Unani drugs. R- Mechanical Contraceptives SStandards of cosmetics R-1 - Medical devices

Bibliography • Essentials of Medical Pharmacology -7 th edition by KD Tripathi • Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12 th edition by Laurence Brunton (Editor) • Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology - 6 th edition by Richard A. Harvey • Basic and Clinical pharmacology 11 th edition by Bertram G Katzung • Rang & Dale's Pharmacology -7 th edition by Humphrey P. Rang • Clinical Pharmacology 11 th edition By Bennett and Brown, Churchill Livingstone • Principles of Pharmacology 2 nd edition by HL Sharma and KK Sharma • Review of Pharmacology by Gobind Sparsh