Pertemuan 6 CostVolumeProfit Analysis Pengertian Analsis Cost Volume

Pertemuan 6 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Pengertian Analsis Cost, Volume dan Profit(CVP) adalah satu analisis yang bermanfaat bagi para manajer untuk melaksanakan tugasnya dengan baik. Analsisi ini membantu untuk memahami hubungan antara biaya, volume dan laba dengan memfokuskan kepada 5 elemen yaitu : a. Harga Jual Produk. b. Volume ataun tingkat kegiatan. c. Biaya variabel per unit. d. Jumlah biaya tetap periode tertentu. e. Bauran produk yang dijual. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Basics of Cost-Volume. Profit (CVP) Analysis Contribution Margin (CM) is the amount remaining from sales revenue after variable expenses have been deducted. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Basics of Cost-Volume. Profit (CVP) Analysis CM goes to cover fixed expenses. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Basics of Cost-Volume. Profit (CVP) Analysis After covering fixed costs, any remaining CM contributes to income. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Contribution Approach For each additional unit Wind sells, $200 more in contribution margin will help to cover fixed expenses and profit. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Contribution Approach Each month Wind must generate at least $80, 000 in total CM to break even. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Contribution Approach If Wind sells 400 units in a month, it will be operating at the break-even point. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Contribution Approach If Wind sells one more bike (401 bikes), net operating income will increase by $200. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

CVP Relationships in Graphic Form Viewing CVP relationships in a graph is often helpful. Consider the following information for Wind Co. : Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

CVP Graph Dollars Total Sales Total Expenses Fixed expenses Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Units © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

CVP Graph t i rof Dollars P ea r A Break-even point s s Lo Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin ea r A Units © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Contribution Margin Ratio The contribution margin ratio is: Total CM CM Ratio = Total sales For Wind Bicycle Co. the ratio is: $ 80, 000 $200, 000 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin = 40% © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Contribution Margin Ratio Or, in terms of units, the contribution margin ratio is: Unit CM CM Ratio = Unit selling price For Wind Bicycle Co. the ratio is: $200 = 40% $500 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Contribution Margin Ratio At Wind, each $1. 00 increase in sales revenue results in a total contribution margin increase of 40¢. If sales increase by $50, 000, what will be the increase in total contribution margin? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Contribution Margin Ratio A $50, 000 increase in sales revenue Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Contribution Margin Ratio A $50, 000 increase in sales revenue results in a $20, 000 increase in CM. ($50, 000 × 40% = $20, 000) Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Quick Check Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1. 49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0. 36. The average fixed expense per month is $1, 300. 2, 100 cups are sold each month on average. What is Unit contribution margin the CM Ratio for CMCoffee Ratio =Klatch? Unit selling price a. 1. 319 ($1. 49 -$0. 36) = b. 0. 758 $1. 49 c. 0. 242 $1. 13 = = 0. 758 $1. 49 d. 4. 139 © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin

Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume Wind is currently selling 500 bikes per month. The company’s sales manager believes that an increase of $10, 000 in the monthly advertising budget would increase bike sales to 540 units. Should we authorize the requested increase in the advertising budget? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume $80, 000 + $10, 000 advertising = $90, 000 Sales increased by $20, 000, but net operating income decreased by $2, 000. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume The Shortcut Solution Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Break-Even Analysis dihitung dengan 3 cara : 1. Graphical analysis, sudah dibahas Equation method Profit =Sales-(VC + FC). Sales = VC+FC+Profit. 3. Contribution margin method. CM/u = P/unit – VC/unit BEP/unit = TFC/ CM unit BEP/Total= TFC/CM ratio. 2. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Contribution Margin Method The contribution margin method is a variation of the equation method. Break-even point = in units sold Break-even point in total sales dollars = Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Fixed expenses Unit contribution margin Fixed expenses CM ratio © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Target Profit Analysis Contoh : PT. ABC memproduksi 10. 000 unit, dengan variabel cost pe runit $9, total fixed cost $24. 000/tahun, harga jual $ 15/unit. Target Profit $ 6. 000 dan Tax rate 50%. 1. BEP/unit = FC/( P/unit –Vc unit). $ 24. 000/($15 - $9) = 4. 000 unit 2. BEP/$ = BEP/Unit x Price = 4. 000 x $ 15 = $ 60. 000. 3. Target laba $ 6. 000, maka BEP u = FC+ Target Profit (TP)/ ( CM) $24. 000+$6. 000/$15 - $9 = $30. 000/$ = 5. 000 unit. BEP/$ = 5. 000 x $ 15 = $ 75. 000 4. Asumsikan tax rate 50%, BEP/u = FC + TP/(1 -t) =24. 000 + 6000/0, 5 CM CM ($ 24. 000) + $ 12. 000)/6 = 6. 000 unit. © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin

The Contribution Margin Approach We can determine the number of bikes that must be sold to earn a profit of $100, 000 using the contribution margin approach. Unit sales to attain = the target profit Fixed expenses + Target profit Unit contribution margin $80, 000 + $100, 000 $200 per bike Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin = 900 bikes © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Margin of Safety Margin of safety adalah jumlah unit yang terjual atau diharpapkan terjual ( Excess of budgeted (or actual) diatas titik impas. Margin of safety = Total sales - Break-even sales Let’s calculate the margin of safety for Wind. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Margin of Safety Wind has a break-even point of $200, 000. If actual sales are $250, 000, the margin of safety is $50, 000 or 100 bikes. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

The Margin of Safety The margin of safety can be expressed as 20% of sales. ($50, 000 ÷ $250, 000) Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Quick Check Coffeeof Klatch espresso stand in a sales Margin safetyis= an Total sales – Break-even downtown office building. The average selling = 2, 100 cups – 1, 150 cups = 950 iscups price of a cup of coffee $1. 49 and the average variable expense per cup or is $0. 36. The average fixed expense per month is $1, 300. 2, 100 cups 950 cups of safety are. Margin sold each month on average. What is = 2, 100 = 45% cups percentage the margin of safety? a. 3, 250 cups b. 950 cups c. 1, 150 cups d. 2, 100 cups © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin

Operating Leverage A measure of how sensitive net operating income is to percentage changes in sales. With high leverage, a small percentage increase in sales can produce a much larger percentage increase in net operating income. Degree of operating leverage = Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Contribution margin Net operating income © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Operating Leverage $100, 000 = 5 $20, 000 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Operating Leverage With a operating leverage of 5, if Wind increases its sales by 10%, net operating income would increase by 50%. Here’s the verification! Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Operating Leverage 10% increase in sales from $250, 000 to $275, 000. . . Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin . . . results in a 50% increase in income from $20, 000 to. Companies, $30, 000. © The Mc. Graw-Hill Inc. , 2003

Quick Check Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1. 49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0. 36. The average fixed expense per month is $1, 300. 2, 100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the operating leverage? a. 2. 21 Operating Contribution margin = Net operating income leverage b. 0. 45 $2, 373 c. 0. 34 = $1, 073 = 2. 21 d. 2. 92 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Teaching Note: Verify increase in profit Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

BEP PRODUCT MIX Terjadi pada perusahaan yang memproduksi dua atau lebih produk pada saat tertentu. Analisis BEP harus menurut pandangan dari perusahaan (sales mix), dihitung dengan cermat agar diketahui produk mana yang lebih dijual untuk meraih laba. Perhitungan BEP sangat rumit, karena biaya tetapnya sama dan terjadi perbedaan contribution margin , karena perbedaan harga dan variabel cost per unit. BIaya tetap disini bersifat unavoidavle (tidak dapat dihindarkan atau tidak relevan). Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Perhatian : Untuk lebih jelasnya masalah BEP , dapat dilihat dan dipelajari dari MULTI MEDIA dari materi yang lengkap. . Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Multi-product break-even analysis Wind Bicycle Co. provides the following information: $265, 000 = 48. 2% (rounded) $550, 000 Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Multi-product break-even analysis Fixed expenses Break-even sales = CM Ratio $170, 000 = 0. 482 = $352, 697 Rounding error Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Assumptions of CVP Analysis Selling price is constant. Costs are linear. In multi-product companies, the sales mix is constant. In manufacturing companies, inventories do not change (units produced = units sold). Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003

Akhir Pertemuan 6 : Terima kasih Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003