Perspectives of Maize Germplasm users from around the

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Perspectives of Maize Germplasm users from around the world- AFRICA CIMMYT- IMGRAC WALTER TREVISAN

Perspectives of Maize Germplasm users from around the world- AFRICA CIMMYT- IMGRAC WALTER TREVISAN TEXCOCO-MEXICO RETIRED SEED INDUSTRY MAIZE BREEDER/LEAD FEB 16 -18 TH, 2016 GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT OF MAIZE TSG CHAIR EMAIL ADDRESS: MAIZEBREEDER@GMAIL. COM

Outline First things first: Answers to the organizer’s questions!! Situation of the Maize Genetic

Outline First things first: Answers to the organizer’s questions!! Situation of the Maize Genetic Diversity in Africa Accomplishments to date Issues/Threats If I have time (If not…Bonus reading material!) GEM- Germplasm Enhancement of Maize “GGF”- GEM Going Forward Discussions & Conclusion

Questions requested for this meeting & Answers

Questions requested for this meeting & Answers

Questions to Answer for this meeting 1 -Give a brief description of your research

Questions to Answer for this meeting 1 -Give a brief description of your research focus in relation to maize genetic resources. Worldwide Maize Breeding- always used some 2 -What are (have been) the main sources of the genetic diversity in your research? Private Company Germplasm resources Public Germplasm with FTO (NO SMTA) CIMMYT germplasm acquired before 2007 Germplasm from Countries not signatory of the Treaty 3 -What is your experience with accessing germplasm from genebanks or other collection holders? CIMMYT Mexico- if available , easy In USA- if available, very easy Elsewhere- difficult to almost impossible (with few exceptions)

Questions to Answer for this meeting 4. What is your experience in using germplasm

Questions to Answer for this meeting 4. What is your experience in using germplasm from genebanks or other collection holders? Pros- abiotic and biotic traits; grain quality; lateness or earliness Cons- “wild”; daylenght; inbreeding depression; standability; etc “Insurance investment”- 5. Are there significant gaps in the collections? Who is best placed to address these gaps? Yes, there are !! In some few cases, still possible to collect This Committee here (but we must be quick!) 6. What are the main issues for conservation in the future for the genebanks? Identity Preservation in situ In Developing Countries Lack of adequate Cold Rooms Frequent failure of cooling equipment

Questions to Answer for this meeting 7 - What are the main issues for

Questions to Answer for this meeting 7 - What are the main issues for users of the collection in the future? SMTA- even US will be signing the International Treaty PGRFA Phytosanitary barriers for quick germplasm flow Decrease of Pre-Breeding efforts to feed enough genetic diversity to breed with new technologies (Genomics; GWS; etc) Dream? MORE Pre-Breeding with Germplasm Bank accessions We need to bridge the gap between germplasm banks and the modern maize breeding

Situation of the Maize Diversity in Africa

Situation of the Maize Diversity in Africa

Examples of successful Germplasm Introduction and/or Introgression in S. AFRICA South Africa Other Early

Examples of successful Germplasm Introduction and/or Introgression in S. AFRICA South Africa Other Early Breeding/Introduction 1900 - introduction of US Germplasm… Development of Potchfestroom Pearl (Alexander Holm) Development of Natal Potch Pearl (NPP) Diversity Issues/Threats Introduction of. Seed K 64 Companies from Kansas; Recently the SAF have been squeezed down to 2 large seed companies responsible for over 90% of the seed sold Introduction of Teko Yellow and Jellicorse from Southern Except for the public institutions still breeding, SAF Heterotic pools USA probably have been combined in 2 -3 Heterotic Pools and then heavily introgressed with the USA SSS and NSSS. Development of some unique Heterotic patterns Resurgence of old diseases like Head Smut and Diplodia ear rot “Ph. D” in drought tolerance The continuous threat of MLN introduction

Examples of successful Germplasm Introduction and/or Introgression in AFRICA Kenya: - introgression of many

Examples of successful Germplasm Introduction and/or Introgression in AFRICA Kenya: - introgression of many germplasm to form Kitale Composite, plus the successful introduction of Ecuador 573 (Race Montana) Typical Kitale x Ecuador 573 hybrid in Kenya Large ears Tall, High ear Excellent Foliar diseases Excellent ear rot tolerance LAAAAAAATE: - 180 -200 days maize Genetic Diversity issues/Threats: Kitale and Ecuador 573 are the ONLY germplasm been used in the Highlands of Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Tanzania Ecuador 573 has a terrible endogamy depression- S 2 “inbreds” These hybrids are very susceptible to MLN!!

Examples of successful Germplasm Introduction and/or Introgression in AFRICA Kenya: - CIMMYT Breeding at

Examples of successful Germplasm Introduction and/or Introgression in AFRICA Kenya: - CIMMYT Breeding at Kibobo is a large effort dedicate to Mid-Altitude and Lowland Africa Many Varieties, Hybrids and Inbred lines have been released Double Haploid Center-provides services for all public and private breeding entities in Africa MLN Nursery- provides services for all public and private breeding entities in Africa Several important Breeding Projects; - DTMA; WEMA; IMAS; SIMLESA; DTMA+ IMAS= STMA (Stress Tolerant Maize for Africa) Genetic Diversity issues/Threats Wide diversity explored Main issue: - Kiboko doesn’t have a descent cold room to maintain germplasm been developed MLN has aggravated it: - no export possible

Other countries in East AFRICA CIMMYT has been very active in breeding for MSV

Other countries in East AFRICA CIMMYT has been very active in breeding for MSV and drought tolerance in Zimbabwe Diversity Issues/Threats Supplies many small companies with many very well adapted options If MLN comes soon to East Africa, it will be a disaster Most have been using “advanced” generations of the Zimbabwe hybrid formulas; - Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania seed companies SC x K 64 Rof – early None thematurity HIGHLAND hybrids have MLN tolerance SC X N 3 - medium/late maturity The entire Africa seed business could be in jeopardy More recently CIMMYT inbreds have been added into the mix Most of the seed companies operating in the Sub-Sahara Latest News/trends: Africa (and West Africa? ) produce seeds in Zambia and export to all the other countries Syngenta bought MRI (Zambia); and now Sino. Chem bought Syngenta Limagrain bought 30% of Seed Co (largest Seed Company in “north of Limpopo” Africa) Only possible solution: - develop resistant hybrids as Heavy introgression of SSSfor and the NSSSentire is expected quick as possible Sub-Sahara Uganda, Tanzania (North), other countries CIMMYT, CIMMYT Africa

WEST AFRICA Larger Seed Companies have been in and out several times Most have

WEST AFRICA Larger Seed Companies have been in and out several times Most have no breeding, just testing Most are starting/considering starting breeding particularly in Nigeria IITA does a tremendous job in providing options for seed companies Very broad Germplasm base Now more integrated with CIMMYT AGRA efforts is allowing the start of many small seed companies (even breeding) AGRA-IMCDA – training of MSc in Plant Breeding (Ghana/Uganda/SAF) Diversity Issues/Threat MLN, MLN- it can arrive and spread very quickly Ear Rot issues (Aflatoxin) Striga Pre-Breeding with Germplasm Bank Accessions should help on all issues

GEM- Germplasm Enhancement of Maize 22 Years PPP devoted to bring genetic diversity to

GEM- Germplasm Enhancement of Maize 22 Years PPP devoted to bring genetic diversity to the US Maize CANDICE GARDNER WALTER TREVISAN USDA/ARS-IOWA RESEARCH LEADER RETIRED SEED INDUSTRY MAIZE BREEDER/LEAD PLANT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH UNIT GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT OF MAIZE TSG CHAIR GEM PROJECT INTERIM COORDINATOR HATCH NC 7 PROJECT COORDINATOR (CANDICE. GARDNER@ARS. USDA. GOV) WEMA PROJECT CONSULTANT AGRA IMCDA BOARD MEMBER CIMMYT INTERNATIONAL MAIZE GERMPLASM COMMITTEE (MAIZEBREEDER@GMAIL. COM)

Lack of Diversity can bring genetic vulnerability Some examples of problems caused by narrow

Lack of Diversity can bring genetic vulnerability Some examples of problems caused by narrow genetic variability in maize In the USA Helminthosporium maydis race T (Bipolaris maydis) in the 1970’s Gray Leaf Spot (Cercospora maydis) in the 1990’s till today Re-emergence of “old” diseases and movement of pathogens to new growing areas- Ex: Goss’ wilt in USA; MCMV (Hawaii-USA) Other countries: Several other examples, worldwide Polysora rust and Gray Leaf Spot in Brazil Tar Spot in Southern Mexico- best example of use of Germplasm Banks resources MLN in East Africa- it is just happening Many hundreds millions of dollars in losses and hardships It became clear that something had to be done

Tar Spot- Mexico Maize Lethal Necrosis in Africa Goss Wilt-USA Late Wilt- Egypt/Spain Source:

Tar Spot- Mexico Maize Lethal Necrosis in Africa Goss Wilt-USA Late Wilt- Egypt/Spain Source: CIMMYT

GEM (Germplasm Enhancement of Maize) Public and Private Partnership (PPP) - 22 years! Most

GEM (Germplasm Enhancement of Maize) Public and Private Partnership (PPP) - 22 years! Most of the companies in USA Most of the universities that work in maize breeding Lately: some international cooperators USDA - provides basic financing, coordination and leadership TSG - Technical Steering Group- provides technical support USDA breeding centers: Ames(IA) and Raleigh (NC) Some other breeding activities are conducted in several universities Ames works 75% Adapted/25% Exotic Raleigh works 50%Adapted/50% Exotic Companies contribute with Adapted base germplasm to be used in the introgressions In kind summer/winter nursery works and trial locations Competitive environment know how GEM: In 22 years has developed different races 301 inbreds from 30+

GEM- Exotic germplasm introgression Germplasm Bank Accession Company A cross to an adapted proprietary

GEM- Exotic germplasm introgression Germplasm Bank Accession Company A cross to an adapted proprietary Inbred Company B cross the F 1 to another adapted proprietary Inbred Improved Exotic (Private; Public) GEM Raleigh (NC) GEM Ames (Iowa) GEM x GEM (Recycling) GEM Inbred Released (S 3)

GEM (Germplasm enhancement of maize) 2010 - GEM started an Allelic Diversity Project collaboration

GEM (Germplasm enhancement of maize) 2010 - GEM started an Allelic Diversity Project collaboration Allow exploitation of larger number of races Adapt GEM to the modern needs for haplotype discovery Utilizes Double Haploid Technology March 2014: 200 DH inbreds developed out of 75% Adapted Corn Belt /25% Exotic were released jointly with Iowa State Univ Contribution of over 60 races Almost doubled the number of races exploited by GEM “conventional” in 20 years New batches will be released every other year 2016: - GEM Going Forward Initiative Decrease cycle time Use of better source of Tropical Germplasm to introgress Use of better Temperate Germplasm to use as “recurrent parent” Use of DH technology for recycling GEM inbreds (not only Allelic Diversity) Use of better testers Increase evaluation for new diseases happening outside of USA

Fusarium Ear Mold Experiments - 2014 Susceptible & Resistant Hybrids The BAD The GEM

Fusarium Ear Mold Experiments - 2014 Susceptible & Resistant Hybrids The BAD The GEM Acknowledgement- Dr William Dolezal (Du. Pont Pioneer)

DH lines derived from Elotes Occidentales Nay 29, from Nayarit, Mexico Allelic Diversity DH

DH lines derived from Elotes Occidentales Nay 29, from Nayarit, Mexico Allelic Diversity DH lines derived from Cuzco Race, Peru

Final discussions Maize Genetic Diversity in most of the countries will be decreasing even

Final discussions Maize Genetic Diversity in most of the countries will be decreasing even faster than in the past Modern technologies/methodologies “Export” of the amazing USA SSS x NSSS heterosis Decrease of cycle time (“Speed to the market”) Mergers, Competitive environment, etc Exotic introduction/introgression MUST play increasing role Elite exotic germplasm for yield gains Germplasm bank accessions Traits “fishing” Finding of New Haplotypes Resistance/tolerance for old and new Biotic and abiotic stresses Grain quality; grain nutrients; etc

Final Discussions PPP Programs like GEM allow the use of resources “locked” in germplasm

Final Discussions PPP Programs like GEM allow the use of resources “locked” in germplasm banks and bring genetic diversity with reasonable yield and adaptation to the commercial maize being cultivated. Will it be enough? Pre-Breeding efforts are very important to help unlock the genetic variability existent in the Maize Germplasm Banks. There are very few pre-breeding programs surviving It must be incentivized We just need to use the 90% remnant accessions still not used in breeding!!

Conclusion Genetic Variability and its adequate management are fundamental for the success of any

Conclusion Genetic Variability and its adequate management are fundamental for the success of any Maize Breeding Program We need to keep maintaining and efficiently “unlocking” the genetic variability existent in Maize Germplasm Banks We need more Pre-Breeding efforts for Tropical, Subtropical and Temperate environments