Perspective of Tall Building q Perspective of Tall
Perspective of Tall Building
q Perspective of Tall Building § § § Historical Background of Tall Building History of Tall Building World’s tallest Buildings Future Tall Buildings Structural System for Tall Building High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementatious Composites (HPFRCCs)
1. Historical Background of Tall Building q Definition § Structure with aspect ratio more than 5 Domestic; Middle-rise (< 40 story) High-rise ( 40 story) Protective for nature q Ancient Tall Structures § § Example; Barbel tower, Pyramid Material; brick, stone ( H/B 5) Religious B (a) Definition (b) Ancient tall structures • Highest stone structure • Year: BC 3, 100 • Country: Egypt • Height: 146. 7 m • Material; Stone, timber • Huge masonry blocks • Equivalent to a modern 40 -story office building • Ziggurat • Year: BC 1, 800 • Height: 90 m • Material: Brick • Equivalent to a modern 7 -story office building • “Come, let us build ourselves a city, with tower that reaches to the heavens. ” (c) Barbel Tower Symbolic (d) Pyramid
2. History of Tall Building q 1880 -1900 (Chicago) § § Chicago school with the ideas of modernization. Less than 20 -story Decorative effects. 1885; William Le. Baron Jenny (the creator of the modern skyscraper) Structural steel 17 -story, 64 m 15 -story, 61 m 16 story, 57 m 12 -story, 58 m 10 -story, 55 m (1885) (1891) (a) Home Life Insurance Building (b) Great Northern Hotel (c) Monadnock (1894) (d) Reliance Building (1896) (e) Carson Dept. Store
2. History of Tall Building q 1900 -1940 (New York) § § Industrial development & high density of population after World War I (1914 -1918) Sudden increase (without considering natural environment) About 50 to 100 -story Curtain wall, Elevator 102 -story, 381 m 77 -story, 300 m 70 -story, 259 m 60 -story, 242 m 50 -story, 206 m (1909) (1913) (1930) (1931) (1933) (a) Metropolitan Insurance Tower (b) Woolworth Building (c) Chrysler Building (d) Empire State Building (e) RCA Center
2. History of Tall Building q 1940 -1960 § § § Financial market collapse during the economic depression (1929 -1932) World War II (1939 -1945) About 20 to 40 -story Prismatic (in rectangular shape) Facing; aluminum curtain wall glass 42 -story, 156 m 39 -story, 166 m 40 -story, 160 m 38 -story, 137 m 22 -story, 92 m (1952) (a) Broadway Building (1952) (b) Secretariat Tower (1952) (c) Lever House (1952) (d) Avenue Building (1958) (e) Seagram Building
2. History of Tall Building q 1960 -1980 (USA) § § § Development of advanced materials, construction techniques & new structural system (tubular & braced system) Ultra tall building (over 100 -story) Multipurpose 110 -story, 443 m 110 -story, 417 m 80 -story, 346 m 100 -story, 344 m 59 -story, 279 m 48 -story, 260 m (1969) (1972) (1973) (1974) (a) John Hancock Center (b) Transamerica Pyramid (c) World Trade Center (d) Amoco Building (e) Sears Tower (1977) (f) Citicorp Center
2. History of Tall Building q 1980 -Present (World) § § Diverse shapes of ultra tall buildings Exact structural analysis, further development of construction techniques & advanced composite materials 101 -story, 508 m 88 -story, 452 m 88 -story, 421 m 88 -story, 420 m 70 -story, 369 m 60 -story, 321 m 70 -story, 296 m (1989) (1993) (1998) (a) Bank of China (b) Landmark Tower (c) Jin Mao Building (d) Petronas Tower (1999) (2003) (2004) (e) Burj al arab (f) Finance Center (g) TFC 101
2. History of Tall Building q 1960 -1970 (Seoul) § Frame-shear wall system, tube-core system q 1970 -1980 § Frame-shear wall + tube system, wall system with tunnel form 69 -story, 256 m q 1980 -Present § 69 -story, 267 m 63 -story, 249 m Intelligent building, seismic design 37 -story, 106 m 33 -story, 102 m 25 -story, 81 m 12 -story, 54 m (1965) (1978) (1984) (1986) (1985) (2003) (2004) (a) Commercial Bank (b) Lotte Hotel (c) Life Insurance (d) LG Twin Tower (e) 63 Building (f) Hyperion 21(g) Tower Palace
2. History of Tall Building Number of Buildings (more than 31 stories). q Recent Trends 69 -story, 267 m 250 200 New paradigm for residence 215 150 108 100 50 (2004) 20 69 -story, 256 m 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Tower Palace 105 -story, 300 m 2007 Year (2008) (2003) Sejong Apart (a) Low-rise or medium apartment buildings Hyperion 21 Yukyung Hotel (b) High-rise residential complex
3. World’s Tallest Buildings q Current State of 20 th Tallest Buildings Ranking Building Name City Country 1 2 3 4 Taipei Kuala Lumpur Chicago Shanghai Taiwan Malaysia USA China 508 452 442 421 Hong Kong China New York Xiamen Taipei Guangzhou Shenzhen New York Hong Kong 12 13 14 15 Taipei 101 Petronas Tower 1, 2 Sears Tower Jin Mao Bldg. Two International Finance Center One World Trade Center Two World Trade Center Fairwell International Center Taipei Financial Center CITIC Plaza Shun Hing Square Empire State Building Central Plaza Bank of China Posts and Communications Bldg. Emirates Towers One The Center Tuntex & Chein-Tai Tower Aon Center 16 17 18 19 20 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Height (m) No. of Story Year Purpose 101 88 110 88 2004 1997 1974 1998 Multiple Office Multiple 420 88 2003 Office USA China Taiwan China USA China 417 415 397 392 391 384 381 374 369 110 88 90 80 69 102 78 70 1972 1973 2002 1996 1931 1992 1989 Office Multiple Office Xiamen China 363 63 2000 Multiple Dubai Hong Kaohsiung Chicago UAE China Taiwan USA 355 350 348 346 54 80 85 83 2000 1998 1973 John Hancock Center Chicago USA 343 100 1969 Burj al Arab Hotel Baiyoke Tower II Chrysler Bldg. Bank of America Plaza Dubai Bangkok New York Atlanta UAE Thailand USA 321 320 319 312 60 90 77 55 1999 1998 1930 1992 Office Multiple Office/ Residential Hotel Multiple Office
4. Future Tall Buildings
4. Future Tall Buildings q World § New types of vertical cities offering intensive functions and harmony with the natural environment (prevent the expansion of city & provide better life for many people) 800 -story, 4000 m 300 -story, 1128 m 196 -story, 1000 m 180 -story, 840 m 200 -story, 800 m 155 -story, 658 m 126 -story, 640 m (a) X-Seed 4000 (b) Bionic Tower (c) Sky City 1000 (d) Millennium Tower (e) DIB 200 (f) Co-Existence (g) Russia Tower
4. Future Tall Buildings q Korea § medium or big-sized vertical cities including housing, commerce, education, & recreation (a fusion of architecture, transportation, communication, & energy) 150 -story, 620 m 151 -story, 610 m 112 -story, 555 m 107 -story, 510 m 110 -story, 500 m (a) Landmark Tower (b) Songdo Landmark Tower (c) Seoul Lotte World I (d) Busan Lotte World II (c) World Business Center
4. Future Tall Buildings q Design Plan
TFC 101 Seoul Lotte World Songdo Landmark Tower Burj DUBAI 4. World’s Tallest Buildings
4. Future Tall Buildings q Future Ultra Tall Buildings Ranking Project City Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X-Seed 4000 Hexahedron City Try 2004 Aeropolis 2001 Houston Pinnacle Illinois Mile High Tower Pyramid-In-Pyramid Mother Bionic Tower Sky City 1000 Europa Tower M-Tower Kinetic Tower Seiren 21 Erewhon Center Millennium Tower Dynamic Intelligent Bldg. Aquarius Chicago World Trade Center T-Growth Cintas Tower World Center for Vedic Learning Chicago World Trade Center Project 112 Coexistence Russia Tower Atlanta Tower Step-Over Tower Tokyo Scottsdale Tokyo Houston Chicago Singapore Tokyo Hong Kong Tokyo Brussels Shanghai Chicago Konoike Chicago Tokyo Chicago Taisei New York Jabalpur Chicago New York Moscow Atlanta Tokyo Japan USA Singapore Japan China Japan Belgium China USA Japan USA Japan USA India USA Russia USA Japan 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Height (m) No. of Story 4000 2100 2004 2001 1610 1609 1500 1321 1128 1000 900 890 880 860 840 800 701 700 680 677 665 658 640 614 610 Purpose 800 200 400 500 528 Multiple 220 300 196 Multiple Residential Multiple 180 207 180 200 181 170 180 224 168 155 126 130 160 Multiple Multiple Multiple
5. Structural System for Tall Building
5. Structural System for Tall Building q Tubular System Characteristics a. A structural system that prompts the building to behave as an hollow tube b. Many closely spaced columns–in some ways analogous to a load bearing wall. c. Tubular systems are so efficient that in most cases the amount of structural material used is comparable to that used in conventionally framed buildings half the size. (a) Single Tube • Design: SOM • Year: 1972 • Location: New York (Collapsed) • Story: 110 • Height: 415 m • Area: 409, 200 m 2 • Structural system: Sing tube system (c) World Trade Center (USA) (b) Bundled Tube • Design: Cesar Pelli • Year: 1996 • City: Kuala Lumpur • Story: 88 • Height: 452 m • Area: 131, 456 m 2 • Structural system: Tube-outrigger system (d) Petronas Tower (Malaysia) • Design: SOM • Year: 1974 • Location: Chicago • Story: 110 • Height: 442 m • Area: 409, 200 m 2 • Structural system: Bundle tube system (e) Sears Tower (USA)
5. Structural System for Tall Building q Braced & Out-Rigger Belt Truss System Characteristics Outrigger & Belt Truss a. This has become recognized as an efficient lateral load resisting system. Core wall b. The braces of this system play an important role in ultra steel tall building because couplings action reduce the bending moment and deflection efficiently. (a) Steel link beam in the braced system • Design: I. M Pei • Year: 1989 • City: Hong Kong • Story: 70 • Height: 369 m • Area: 130, 000 m 2 • Structural system: Braced system (c) Bank of China (China) Steel Frame Foundation (b) Out-rigger Belt Truss system • Design: SOM • Year: 2004 • City: Seoul • Story: 69 • Height: 267 m • Area: 100, 497 m 2 • Structural system: Out-rigger belt truss system (d) Tower Palace (Korea) • Design: SOM • Year: Completed in 2009 • Location: Dubai • Story: 165 • Height: 808 m (expected) • Area: 495, 000 m 2 • Structural system: Out-rigger system (e) Burj Dubai (United Arab Emirates)
5. Structural System for Tall Building q Braced & Out-Rigger Belt Truss System (f) Marina bay sands
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6. HPFRCCs
5. Structural System for Tall Building
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