Personalized Breast Cancer Care Sunil Patel MD Medical

Personalized Breast Cancer Care Sunil Patel, MD Medical Oncology and Hematology Collom and Carney Clinic.

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Personalized Breast Cancer Care Topics • Role of genetic/familial high risk assessment • Role of specific markers on breast tissue in decision making of treatment. • For some patients, more(=chemo) is not better. - Role of genetic profiling of the tumor in decision making.

Breast Cancer Progress Report • Breast Cancer mortality rates have decreased by 2. 3% annually since 1990 • The decline in mortality is primarily due to early detection and new treatment methods Source: Breast Cancer Facts and Figures 2005 -2006 National Center for Health Statistics data as analyzed by NCI

The Stages of Breast Cancer is diagnosed according to stages (stages 0 through IV) under the TNM classification. Factors used in staging of Breast Cancer: • Tumor Size of primary tumor • Nodal status Indicates presence or absence of cancer cells in lymph nodes • Metastasis Indicates if cancer cells have spread from the affected breast to other areas of the body (i. e. skin, liver, lungs, bone) Source: National Cancer Institute

Genetics Help us Identify Patients at High Risk of Developing Breast Cancer Genetics – Genetics is the study of heredity • While genetics influence genomics, genetics is responsible for only 5 -10% of breast cancer • Genetics focuses primarily on the likelihood of developing cancer • Genetic tests find mutations, not disease Source: Understanding Cancer Series: Gene Testing, National Cancer Institute

Genomics Help us Look at the Patients Individual Tumor Biology Genomics is the study of how genes interact and are expressed as a whole • Genomics and gene expression profiling tools focus on the cancer itself and can help determine How aggressive is the cancer (prognosis) What is the likely benefit from treatment (prediction)

Examples of Genetic and Genomic Tests Genetic Test • BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 • The genetic make up of patients is tested for BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations. Patients with those mutations have higher chances of developing breast cancer. Genomic Test • Oncotype DX® Breast Cancer Assay • The expression level of 21 genes is measured in tumor tissue from patients that have already been diagnosed with breast cancer. This assay evaluates if a patient is going to recur (prognostic) and predicts benefit from chemotherapy and hormonal therapy (predictive) • Mammaprint assay

Genetic Risk Factor Assessment • NX 42 year old white female with no family history of breast cancer, now has 4 cm right breast cancer. • Biopsy confirmed IDC, ER+, HER 2/neu + • What’s next? – Surgery- ipsilateral or bilateral mastectomy, chemo, hormonal therapy? Or more?

Breast & Ovarian Cancer Risk Assessment – for patients - Age 50 y or younger Triple negative breast cancer ( ER-PR-Her 2/Neu-) Two breast cancer primaries Breast cancer at any age - 1 or more close relative with breast or ovarian cancer at age 50 or younger -2 or more close relatives with breast and/or pancreatic cancer -women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent at any age breast/ovarian cancer. - Other cancer history – Thyroid, sarcoma, adrenal , endometrial, pancreatic, brain cancer - Ovarian cancer - Male breast cancer.

Patient NX • NX 42 year old white female with no family history of breast cancer, now has 4 cm right breast cancer. • Biopsy confirmed IDC, ER+, HER 2/neu + • What’s next? – Surgery- ipsilateral or bilateral mastectomy, chemo, hormonal therapy? Or more?

Patient NX • Should go I go for surgery first? Then chemo? • Blood for BRCA 1 and 2 mutation.

Patient MB • MB is a 53 year old white male with right sided breast cancer, stage I.

BReast. CAncer Genes

BReast CAncer • Women have about a 1 in 7 chance of getting breast cancer in their lifetime. • Most cancer is sporadic, about 5 -10% of cases are genetically linked • Women inheriting mutation of BRCA gene have increased chance of disease • Also can lead to ovarian cancer

The Numbers Frequency of BRCA Mutations in the U. S. citizens 1 in 500 Ashkenazi Jews 1 in 40 Women with breast cancer under age 50 Approx. 1 in 13 Women with breast cancer under age 40 1 in 10 Ashkenazi Jews with breast cancer under age 50 Approx. 1 in 8

BRCA Genes • BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 • Roles they play

Life is all about the right balance.

What are they? • BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 – Known as breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes – Tumor suppressor genes • regulate the cycle of cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way • inhibit the growth of cells that line the milk ducts in the breast – Involved in many other functions including control of DNA replication and damage repair

BRCA 1 • Cloned in 1994 (Miki et al) –Mapped to chromosome 17 q 21 – 5, 592 kb long – 24 exons

BRCA 2 • • Cloned in 1995 (Wooster et al. ) Mapped to chromosome 13 q 12 -13 10, 254 kb (3, 418 aa) 27 exons

More Numbers Type of Cancer General Population That Will Develop Disease People With BRCA 1 Mutation Who Will Develop Disease People With BRCA 2 Mutation Who Will Develop Disease Breast 12. 5% 55 – 85% 33 – 86% Ovarian 1. 43% 28 – 44% 10 – 30% Prostate 4 – 6% 12 – 18% Male breast cancer Less than 1% 6% 4 – 14% Pancreatic 0. 6% not applicable 6 – 7% 12 – 18%

Patient NX • BRCA 1 mutation positive • Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy then bilateral skin sparing mastectomy. • Hormonal therapy • Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy • Genetic counseling for family members.

Patient MB • • BRCA 2 mutation positive Chemotherapy Contra-lateral mastectomy PSA screening test.

Topics • Role of genetic/familial high risk assessment • Role of specific markers on breast tissue in decision making of treatment. • For some patients, more is not better. - Role of genetic profiling of the tumor in decision making.

How Do We Assess Risk in Breast Cancer Patients? Classic Pathological Criteria Lymph Node Status Tumor Size Age Tumor Grade Adjuvant. Online! ER/PR HER 2 Computer-based model

ER/PR/Her 2 -Neu • Estrogen receptor • Progesterone receptor • Her 2/Neu – Human epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 • ER/PR+ Her 2/Neu – • ER/PR – Her 2/Neu – (Triple negative) • ER/PR – Her 2/Neu + • ER/PR+ Her 2/Neu +

Triple-Positive Breast Cancer H&E ER-Pos PR-Pos HER 2/neu-Pos Triple-Negative Breast Cancer H&E ER-Neg PR-Neg HER 2/neu-Neg

Treatment options § Chemotherapy § Endocrine therapy – Tamoxifen or Aromatase inhibitor - Anastrozole (Arimidex) , Letrozole (Femara) , Exemestane (Aromasin) § Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

Herceptin. TM(trastuzumab)

Triple negative breast cancer Hormone Receptor - /HER 2 • Chemotherapy for tumor more than 0. 5 cm. • Nodal involvement.

Hormone Receptor Positive, HER 2 Positive Breast Cancer • 0. 5 cm or less tumor size – Adjuvant endocrine therapy • 0. 6 to 1 cm – Adjuvant endocrine +/- chemo with trastuzumab. • > 1 cm tumor size and/or lymph node involvement – adjuvant endocrine therapy, chemotherapy with trastuzumab.

Hormone Receptor Negative, HER 2 Positive Breast Cancer • 0. 5 cm or less tumor size – No chemo. • 0. 6 to 1 cm – Consider chemo with trastuzumab. • > 1 cm tumor size and/or lymph node involvement – chemotherapy with trastuzumab. • HORMONAL THERAPY NOT USEFUL.

Hormone Receptor Positive, HER 2 Positive Breast Cancer • 0. 5 cm or less tumor size – Adjuvant endocrine therapy • 0. 6 to 1 cm – Adjuvant endocrine +/- chemo with trastuzumab. • > 1 cm tumor size and/or lymph node involvement – adjuvant endocrine therapy, chemotherapy with trastuzumab.

Hormone Receptor Positive HER 2 Negative Breast Cancer Tumor size • Tumor size < 0. 5 Cm and No LN involvement – Adjuvant endocrine therapy. No chemotherapy • T > 0. 5 Cm and No LN involvement adjuvant endocrine therapy +/- ? ? Chemo.

Hormone Receptor Positive HER 2 Negative Breast Cancer • Nodal involvement > 2 mm focus – adjuvant endocrine therapy + chemotherapy • 1 to 3 Lymph nodes or >3 nodes involved – does every one need chemo?

Topics • Role of genetic/familial high risk assessment • Role of specific markers on breast tissue in decision making of treatment. • For some patients, more(=chemotherapy) is not better. - Role of genetic profiling of the tumor in decision making.

How Do We Assess Risk in Breast Cancer Patients? Classic Pathological Criteria Lymph Node Status Tumor Size New tools in the Genomic Era… Genetic Profiling of Tumor Age Tumor Grade ER/PR HER 2 Adjuvant. Online! Computer-based model

Adjuvant Treatment for Early Stage Breast Cancer Today

Hormonal Therapy Based on the Landmark NSABP B-14 Study using Tamoxifen If 100 women with ER+, N- disease are treated with hormonal therapy how many will recur within 10 years? Fisher et al. N Engl J Med 1989; 320(8): 479 -84

Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy Based on the Landmark NSABP B-20 Study using Tamoxifen + Chemotherapy If all 100 women with ER+, N- disease are treated with chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, how many will benefit from the addition of chemotherapy? Fisher et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1673 -82

Outcomes of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Walgren et al. JCO 2005; 23: 7342 -7349

How Do We Assess Risk in Breast Cancer Patients? Classic Pathological Criteria Lymph Node Status Tumor Size New tools in the Genomic Era… Genetic Profiling of Tumor Age Tumor Grade ER/PR HER 2 Adjuvant. Online! Computer-based model

Patient A

Patient B

Patient C

With Genomic Tools We Can Now Analyze Cancer at the Molecular Level 1. Patient’s tumor 2. Oncotype DX® Assay 5. Shared Decision Making 4. Oncotype DX® Report 3. Analyze expression of tumor’s genes

Oncotype DX®: A Genomic Assay

Oncotype DX® 21 -Gene Recurrence Score® (RS) Assay 16 Cancer and 5 Reference Genes From 3 Studies PROLIFERATION Ki-67 STK 15 Survivin Cyclin B 1 MYBL 2 INVASION Stromelysin 3 Cathepsin L 2 ESTROGEN ER PR Bcl 2 SCUBE 2 GSTM 1 CD 68 BAG 1 HER 2 GRB 7 HER 2 REFERENCE Beta-actin GAPDH RPLPO GUS TFRC Paik et al. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2817 -2826

Oncotype DX® 21 -Gene Recurrence Score® (RS) Assay Calculation of the Recurrence Score Result Coefficient x Expression Level RS = + 0. 47 x HER 2 Group Score - 0. 34 x ER Group Score + 1. 04 x Proliferation Group Score + 0. 10 x Invasion Group Score + 0. 05 x CD 68 - 0. 08 x GSTM 1 Category - 0. 07 x BAG 1 Low risk RS (0 -100) RS <18 Int risk RS ≥ 18 and <31 High risk RS ≥ 31 Paik et al. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2817 -2826

The Oncotype DX® Assay mostly used for N-, ER+ Breast Cancer Patients Invasive Breast Cancer Stage I ER- Stage II ER+ N- ER- Stage III N+ ER+ Stage IV

Patient A

Patient A • Patient was identified as low risk by Oncotype DX® with a Recurrence Score ® result of 4 • Patient received hormonal therapy since she was in a group in which chemotherapy does not provide benefit

Patient B

Patient B • Patient was identified as high risk by Oncotype DX® with a Recurrence Score® result of 34 • The Recurrence Score helped convince the patient on the likely benefits of taking chemotherapy given the biology of her disease • Patient received chemotherapy and hormonal therapy

Patient C

Patient C • Patient was identified as intermediate risk by Oncotype DX® with a Recurrence Score® result of 25 • Is there benefit from chemotherapy for this patient? The TAILORx trial evaluates the utility of chemotherapy in the mid-range risk group

Outcomes of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Walgren et al. JCO 2005; 23: 7342 -7349

The Promise of Personalized Medicine in Breast Cancer Tamoxifen Women with HR+ breast Cancer Aromatase Inhibitor Chemotherapy Biologic agents Her 2, EGFR, VEGF, Parp Anth, Taxane, Platimun

The Molecular Portrait Hypothesis You can recognize the Mona Lisa by her smile and her nose and her eyes and even her hands – if you are really good, but not the sky or the trees

Thank you. Questions?