Personality Psychoanalysis What is personality An individuals pattern

Personality Psychoanalysis

What is personality…? ► An individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Or…(Attitudes, behaviors, emotions)

Freud’s Psychoanalysis ► Overview ► When questions…”According to Freud…” is one’s personality established? ► What is the ultimate influence in shaping personality? ► What is the essential conflict that resides within each individual? ► Stage theory: Continuous or discontinuous? Free will or deterministic? ► What is psychoanalysis?

Freud’s States of Conscious Preconscious Unconscious

A Closer Look

Exploring the Unconscious ► Freud q. Hypnosis q. Dream Analysis q. Free Association q. Strategies to discover the issues of the unconscious

Freud's Personality Structure ►Ego ►Superego ►Id

Id Ø Instincts / natural impulses ØTwo types Ø Eros: life instincts, driven by libido Ø Thanatos: Death instincts, driven by aggression Ø Pleasure principle- immediate gratification Ø Unconscious mind

Ego ► Reality principle ► Seeks emotional balance ► Executive Mediator between Id and Superego ► Part of conscious and unconscious mind ► Constructs defense mechanisms to protect the conscious mind (from the threatening issues of the unconscious)

Superego ► Age 5: sense of right and wrong (conscience) ► Internalized ideals, morals, judgment ► Part of conscious and unconscious mind

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development • Freud believed that your personality developed in your childhood. • Believed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages. • Conflicts during these stages effect your personality development • The id focuses it’s libido (sexual energy) on different erogenous zones in different stages

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Phallic Stage ► Oedipus Complex: Boys sexually desire their mothers, father as rival ► Electra Crisis: Girls sexually desire their fathers, mother as rival ► Penis envy / castration anxiety ► Identification: (defense mechanism) Boys emulate and attach themselves to their father (who threaten them- castration anxiety as rivals for their mother)

Fixation ► Libido gets stuck in any one of psychosexual stages due to unresolved conflicts ► Often over-gratification or undergratification ØExamples: q. Oral fixations q. Anal fixations (retentive and expulsive) q. Genital fixation

Defense Mechanisms ► Ego’s effort to protect the conscious mind from the threatening thoughts of the unconscious ► IOW: Reduce anxiety by distorting reality ► No conscious awareness…

Freud’s Defense Mechanisms ► Repression: v. Major defense mechanism v. Push out of conscious awareness v“Why we don’t remember incestuous feelings of phallic stage. ”

Defense Mechanisms ► Regression v. Returning to an earlier, safer stage when facing anxiety

Defense Mechanisms ► Reaction Formation v. Ego switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites v. Being mean to someone you have a crush on… v. The bully who’s not tough after all…

Defense Mechanisms ► Projection v. Disguise your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others v. Thinking that your wife wants to cheat on you when really its you that wants to cheat on her. v. After your girlfriend dumps you for someone else, you insist she still cares for you.

Defense Mechanisms ► Rationalization: vself-adjusting explanations in place of real, more threatening reasons for your actions or events. (Making excuses) v“I didn’t want to go to the prom with her. ” v“I couldn’t go anyway, I have to babysit my kid brother. ”

Defense Mechanisms ► Displacement v. Shifting an unacceptable impulse into a safer outlet v. Parents taking it out on you after a hard day at work with their boss v. Confronting a teacher vs. rolling her yard

Defense Mechanisms ► Sublimation v. Channeling unacceptable impulses into more acceptable or socially approved activities v. An aggressive kid joins the football team

True or False? According to Freudian theory, humans are driven by life instincts and by death instincts. 2. Dreams and Freudian slips are two ways to study unconscious wishes or impulses. 3. Individuals pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which id impulses of a sexual nature find a socially acceptable outlet. 4. Unresolved conflicts between id impulses and social restrictions during childhood continue to influence one’s personality in adulthood. 1.

“Christmas Vacation” ► Analyze the scene from a Freudian perspective. ► Modern analysis § Natural byproduct of how our minds process information and direct action § Capture error: pass too near a well formed habit and it will capture your behavior. Examples? § Most actions carried out automatically by subconscious (conscious selection, unconscious action) Why…? § When attention lags, habitual response takes over § **Cognitive connections and linguistic pathways (existence of sexuality in situation activates memory)

Criticisms of Freud ► Little empirical evidence supports it ► No predictive value (only explains past behavior and source of problem) ► Gender discriminatory (Freud’s assumption that men were superior to women) § Example: penis envy

Freud’s Legacy ► Profound § § impact on psychology Children are sexual creatures Behavior shaped by unconscious thoughts Early experiences are significant in shaping personality Cultural impact (references in popular culture) ► Id /ego ► Unconscious ► Anal retentive ► Freudian slips… ► Freud today: 80% of pure Freudian therapists live within 20 miles of each other in N. Y. city

Psychodynamic Theories Alfred Adler Karen Horney Neo-Freudians Carl Jung

Alfred Adler Ø Social, (not sexual) issues as primary influence of childhood development Ø “Ego Psychologist”- focused on conscious role of the ego as primary force of behavior (Not the unconscious) Ø Inferiority complex: motivation by fear of failure Ø Superiority complex= desire to achieve Ø Birth order theory in shaping personality

Carl Jung ► Stressed the unconscious ► Two parts § Personal unconscious (Freudian view) = complex § Collective unconscious: passed down through species- similarities between all cultures ►Archetypes = universal concepts § fear of the dark § Shadow as darker side of personality § Universal importance of circle in cultures

Karen Horney ► Social forces in shaping childhood personality ► Took issue with Freud’s male dominant view of “weak superegos and penis envy” ► 1 st woman to provide major academic challenge to Freud’s analysis of female personality development

Projective Tests ► window to the unconscious ► Ambiguous stimulus / interpretations of it… § Thematic Apperception Test: ambiguous pictures / create stories… (free association…) § Rorschach inkblot test: 10 inkblot images used to reflect inner feelings (unconscious)

Rorschach Inkblot Test http: //theinkblot. com/step_1. htm ►What do you see in this visual…?

Humanistic Psychology ► Humanistic psychology: Core Ideas § Man is innately good and has innate need to fulfill potential § Focus on life of fulfillment § Anyone has potential for actualization at any time § Focus on free will = (genes, environment are not destiny…) § Focus on self-concept / self esteem

Self-Concept ► Global feelings about oneself ► Develops through social interaction (parents etc. ) ► Positive self-concept = high self esteem ► Central to humanistic psychology

Maslow and Rogers ► People are motivated to reach full potential Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

Maslow’s Hierarchy: A review… ► Self-actualization § Completely knowing, accepting oneself § Open, spontaneous, loving, caring, problem centered… § Congruence between who we really are, who we think we are, and who we want to be… Thomas Jefferson Abraham Lincoln Albert Einstein Jane Addams Willliam James Albert Schweitzer Aldous Huxley Eleanor Roosevelt

Maslow’s List: 2% are Self-Actualized Why so few…? ► Top of hierarchy, weakest of needs, most easily impeded ► Jonah Complex: fear and doubt (most lack courage to sacrifice lower needs for personal growth) ► Environmental influence (ex. - “manliness”) ► Childhood experiences (“freedom within limits” fosters growth)

Carl Rogers ► Positive Self-Theory depends on: § Environment: genuineness, acceptance, empathy ► Unconditional Positive Regard (total acceptance from parents critical for selftheory, self-actualization) ► Must feel accepted for self-actualization

The Trait Perspective Belief that personality is defined by specific characteristics, or traits… (Genetic emphasis) § Trait: a characteristic of personality (combination of traits = personality) § Viewed as stable and motivates behavior in keeping with the trait (lazy, friendly, etc. ) § Nature! “You are who you are!” § Gordon Allport (1919) pioneer: defined personality in terms of specific traits / identifiable behavior patterns

Types of Trait Theories ► Nomothetic § Basic set of universal traits can be used to describe anyone’s personality ► Idiographic: § Rejects nomothetic approach- each person must be seen for unique traits ► Gordon Allport: 3 Types of Personal Traits § Cardinal dispositions (profound- dominates personality) § Central, Secondary

Personality Inventory § A self-report questionnaire (true-false or agreedisagree items) § designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors § used to assess personality by identifying specific traits § Objectively graded / assessed § Used by most all personality theorists § Factor analysis: statistical procedure used to identify clusters of questions (Example: strong correlations between social, friendly, talkative = Extraversion as basic personality trait

Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory ► Myers-Briggs § Most popular inventory in corporate sector § 89 of 100 largest corporations : 2. 5 million/year § Colleges: Career placement office

Eyesenck Personality Questionnaire ► Hans Eyesenck: two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet UNSTABLE Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active melancholic choleric INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED phlegmatic sanguine Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Even-tempered Calm Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership STABLE

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ► MMPI: Used to assess abnormal personality / emotional disorders Clinically significant range Hypochondriasis 1 (concern with body symptoms) Depression 2 (pessimism, hopelessness) After treatment (no scores in the clinically significant range) Hysteria 3 (uses symptoms to solve problems) Psychopathic deviancy 4 (disregard for social standards) Before treatment (anxious, depressed, and displaying deviant behaviors) Masculinity/femininity 5 (interests like those of other sex) Paranoia 6 (delusions, suspiciousness) Psychasthenia 7 (anxious, guilt feelings) Schizophrenia 8 (withdrawn, bizarre thoughts) Hypomania 9 (overactive, excited, impulsive) Social introversion 10 (shy, inhibited) 0 30 40 50 60 T-score 70 80

Empirically Derived Tests ► Testing a pool of questions and then selecting those that discriminate between groups § MMPI

The Big Five (Personality traits)

Points to consider… ► Traits / personality do reveal a pattern of behavior (& thoughts and feelings) ► …but fail to predict behavior in all situations (environment often temporarily affects our traits) ► Research shows that traits are easy to recognize…

Credibility of Personality Tests ► What two major factors are used to determine a test’s credibility? § Validity, Reliability Beware of the……. ► Barnum Effect: A person’s tendency to see himself in vague, broad personality types. (P. T. Barnum: “A sucker born every minute. ”

Traits Stabilize with Age

The Myers-Briggs ► Use the website below to take an abridged version of the Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory ► http: //www. humanmetrics. com/cgiwin/JTypes 2. asp ► Use the following website to analyze your results: ► http: //www. myersbriggs. org/my-mbtipersonality-type/mbti-basics/ ► Questions: Identify your Myers-Briggs personality type. Explain specifically what your type is. (Explain each of four traits. ) To what extent do you agree or disagree with your results? Identify one potential strength and weakness of this test. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Social-Cognitive Theories ► Belief that personality development is largely determined by interaction between one’s environment and patterns of thought

Albert Bandura ► Albert Bandura: personality shaped by interaction of traits, environment and behavior ► Reciprocal Determinism: Constant cause and effect between three factors ► Self-efficacy: high=optimism / low= helplessness

Julian Rotter: Locus of Control ► Internal Locus of Control q. You control your destiny (Individual takes charge ► External Locus of Control q luck, environment determine destiny ► Type of locus impacts how we think and act, thus affecting our personality ► Internal correlated with positive outcomes

George Kelley ► Personal Construct Theory § Personality is shaped by cognition q. Individuals create own personal constructs to understand, interpret their world. q. Constructs begin as pairs of opposites, used to interpret world ( fair, unfair / smart, dumb) q. Thus perception of the world largely shaped our attitude, behavior (and personality) q. Past behavior, shaped by cognition, can be used to predict future behavior

In conclusion… ► We have looked at what Freudian, humanistic, trait and social-cognitive theorists have to say about personality…. ► What would a radical behaviorist say? ? ?