Personality By Mr C With slides stolen from

Personality By Mr. C With slides stolen from Dr. Kelley Kline FSU-Panama City And www. appsychology. com

Personality n n n What is personality? Who was Hippocrates? What is psychodynamic approach to personality? Freud’s 3 structures of personality? What are ego defense mechanisms? What is repression? Regression? What is displacement? Projection? What is reaction formation? Denial? What is sublimation? What is compensation? What are psychosexual stages of development? (3 cards) What is fixation?

Hippocrates n Believed our personality is based on 4 “humours” or bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, cholera, black bile)

What is the psychodynamic perspective of personality? Started by Sigmund Freud, this perspective believes we are dominated by repressed, unconscious sexual, biological drives. Other psychoanalysts include Alfred Adler, Erikson, Carl Jung

I. Freud— 1856 -1939 An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying hysteria. Father of psychoanalysis. n

The Psychodynamic approach was the first theory on personality (early 1900 s) n We are driven by unconscious forces (sexual and aggressive forces).

What is the iceberg analogy of consciousness?

III. Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg theory n n n 1. Conscious mind – like the top of the iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is accessible to us. 2. Preconscious mind – material that is unconscious, but can be easily brought into awareness. Moves back & forth easily between conscious & unconscious. 3. Unconscious mind – is completely outside of our awareness (could produce anxiety if made conscious).

n The iceberg is a good analogy because very little is visible on the surface but lots more is visible under water.

IV. What are Freud’s parts of personality? n n n 1. Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment. 2. Ego “reality principle” – moderates between the id and superego. 3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience

Which part of our personality is completely unconscious? n n A. Ego B. Id C. Superego D. yomamma

What TV characters, especially Simpsons characters, are driven by the ID?

ID

ID leads us to eating and drinking

How about Superego?

Superego

How about ego, our voice of reason?

Ego

Id controlling Marge.

The Ego moderates between the Id and the Superego.

In Sigmund Freud’s view, the role of the ego is to n n n A. make the individual feel superior to others B. make the individual feel inferior to others C. mediate among the id, the superego, and reality D. serve the demands of the unconscious E. serve the demands of the superego

In accord with psychoanalytic theory, one of the primary functions of the superego is to n n n A. assure that desires are gratified at the appropriate time B. guide behavior prior to the development of the id and ego C. assure immediate gratification of any need or desire as it occurs D. balance and respond to the demands of the id and ego E. serve as the individual’s conscience

What are ego Defense Mechanisms? n How our personality (ego) deals with unpleasant emotions and thoughts.

VI. Defense mechanisms n n 1. Repression: “motivated forgetting” the suppression of unpleasant thoughts. We push unpleasant thoughts into unconscious so that we can’t access them. E. g. , a child who is molested, may suppress the traumatic event so that he/she has no memory for the event.

2. Rationalization – we justify something bad we’ve done You run over a person and tell yourself “I’m sure he would have died soon anyway. ” n You steal and say, “Well, I spend a lot of money at this store!”

Everybody else is doing it! New Orleans looting after Katrina

3. Regression n Dealing with problems by “regressing” or going backward in terms of maturity. Ex: Soldiers crying for “mommy” Ex: Fighting couples acting immature.

4. Displacement- you take out your anger & frustration on a person or object not the actual target of your anger in a negative way n n n Dis – wrong place = place E. g. , After being grilled by your boss, you go home & yell at your partner or the dog/cat. Peeing on the teacher’s car.

5. Projection – You attribute your negative characteristics to another person. n n When people project their own faults onto others, they generally do not deny that they themselves possess those faults. E. g. , Your partner tells you how selfish you are, when they are in fact selfish.

Why is this projection?

6. Reaction Formation – acting the opposite of how you feel. n n You do the opposite of how you feel to defend your own doubts. E. g. , A person who doubts his faith may act like a religious zealot to defend his religion.

Reaction Formation

7. What is Denial?

Denial, not “The Nile!!!!”

2. Denial- refusing to believe something unpleasant has occurred. n n We refuse to accept horrible news, even with evidence to the contrary. E. g. , you hear a friend has died & won’t believe it’s true.

“I don’t have drinking problem”

8. Sublimation –Making something bad about yourself into something positive. n n n Don’t mix up with displacement (kicking dog) E. g. , Aggressive impulses are transformed into the urge to engage in competitive sports. Most desirable way of dealing with unacceptable id impulses.

9. What is compensation? n n We do something well to make up (compensate) for other deficits in our life. (Invented by Adler) Ex: We become a cop to compensate for getting picked on as a child.

Intellectualization n n Take an emotionally uncomfortable moment and interpret it like a heartless scientist. (My grandpa died, so I say “Men have a 65% chance of dying past age 75. ”)

Your assignment n n n Pick 6 defense mechanisms. Draw a comic strip illustrating that defense mechanism. Stick figures are fine.

According to Freud, which is the most important factor in personality? n n n A. behavior B. unconscious impulses C. thoughts D. emotions E. genetics

Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Should it be the case that Hal is himself a latent homosexual fearful of admitting this even to himself, we might conclude that he is using the defense mechanisms of repression and n A. reaction formation n B. projection n C. displacement n D. regression n E. denial

When parents refuse to accept several psychologists’ diagnosis of a child’s mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms? n A. Denial n B. Displacement n C. Projection n D. Rationalization n E. Regression

A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of attention and love. He is probably exhibiting the defense mechanism of n A. regression n B. identification n C. reaction formation n D. displacement n E. projection

Freud’s psychosexual stages n n n Oral (0 -1) Anal (2 -3) Phallic (4 -5) Latency (6 -12) Genital (puberty and older) Each stage has a pleasure center – center for libidnal energy

Oral Stage

Oral Stage n n n The pleasure center is the mouth. Freud said the pleasure center moves around the body as we develop. Freud said if we are not gratified at this stage we will be fixated at this stage. Adults who are fixated at this stage like to do things with mouth for pleasure (smoking, eating, chew gum, bite nails, other things. )

Anal Stage

Anal stage n n n Adults who were not gratified at this stage can be anally repulsive or anally retentive. Anal retentive are overly-neat and organized (Type A personality) Anal repulsive are overly messy and irresponsible.

Phallic stage n n Genitals are the pleasure zone. Oedipal complex – boys have erotically tinged preference for their mother – compete with their father for mother’s attention

Phallic stage cont. . . n n n Not resolving the Oedipal conflict may result in boy not identifying with father, thus not develop a conscience. Electra complex (girls’ equivalent to Oedipus) Also. . . Girls have penis envy and blame and resent their mothers for their anatomical deficiency.

n n The latency period “the cooties stage” begins sometime around the age of six and ends when puberty starts to begin. Freud believed that in this phase the Oedipus complex was dissolved and set free, resulting in a relatively conflict-free period of development. In this phase, the child begins to make connections to siblings, other children, and adults. This phase is typified by a solidifying of the habits that the child developed in the earlier stages. Latency – “cooties stage” - sexuality is hidden (latency = hidden) Children in same sex groups. Boys hang with father. Girls with mother.

Genital stage (puberty ++) n n Libidinal energy is not focused on your own genitals (like in the phallic stage) but on other people’s genitals. Fixation in earlier stages will hinder this stage.

According to Freud, what occurs during the phallic stage? n n A. the child struggles with independence and inferiority B. the child develops sexual feelings for the opposite sex parent while harboring jealousy towards the other parent C. the child develops sexual feelings for the opposite sex during preadolescence D. the child becomes fixated on issues of neatness and rebellion

What is a result of being fixated at the oral stage? n n n A. overeating B. stingy C. extreme neatness D. suppression E. excessive anger

n n n Carlos never cleans up after himself. He’s disorganized and impulsive. Freud would say that Carlos is fixated at the anal stage, which means: A. His parents did not toilet train him properly. B. His parents did not wean him properly C. He uses defense mechanisms to relieve anxiety. D. His progress toward self-actualization is blocked.

Personality n n n n n What methods psychoanalysts use? Pros of psychoanalytic theory? Cons of psychoanalytic theory? Who is Carl Jung? Who is Alfred Adler? What is Humanistic perspective on personality? Who is Abraham Maslow? Who is Carl Rogers? Projective versus self-report tests? Examples of personality tests?

VII. Psychoanalysis (psychodynamic): n n n Unconscious thoughts & emotions are brought into awareness to be dealt with. Psychological problems – the result of unconscious processes. Bringing unpleasant unconscious thoughts into to consciousness, produces catharsis.

A. What are Psychoanalytic methods of therapy (4 of them): n n 1. Free Association – patient reports anything that comes to his/her mind. The psychoanalyst listens for links & themes that might tie the patient’s fragmentary thoughts or remarks together.

B. Dream analysis: n n Dreams have two types of content: Manifest content- actual events in dream. Latent content – hidden message in dream. Freud thought that each dream represents a form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be disguised, but it is always there.

C. Transference n n n Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred) are expressed toward therapist. These feelings are actually unconsciously felt toward others; the patient is projecting these feelings onto therapist. This provides clues about the client’s feelings about these other people.

Hypnosis n n Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic technique. Supposedly reaches into the subconscious

Criticisms of Freud’s theory: n n 1. Freud had no scientific data to support his theories. 2. Freud’s theories (unconscious, libido, etc. ) cannot be observed. 3. Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the fact. 4. Observations not representative of population (very sexist and not multicultural).

Pros of Freud’s theory n n n 1. Argued that childhood experiences are important in personality development. 2. Information outside of awareness does influence us. 3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions of some of our behaviors.

One criticism of Freud’s psychosexual theory of development is that it n n n A. emphasizes developmental changes in the oral and anal stages B. views adult disorders as adjustments to the environment C. views fear of loss as a motivating drive D. is based on empirically unverifiable constructs E. is based on ethnographic studies

Which is a criticism of Freud’s psychodynamic approach to personality? n n A. His sample of patients was small and unrepresentative of the general population. B. His theory reflects Western European and N. American cultural values C. The theory was not developed scientifically and thus is subject to bias. D. The theory was not comprehensive and has had little influence on psychology.

More psychoanalysts – the Neo-Freudians n Who was Carl Jung? He was a psychoanalyst who disagreed with Freud.

Analytical Psychology n Analytical psychology emphasized the unconsciousness mind and its influence on dream processes n n Carl Jung Two forms of unconscious mind n n Personal unconscious: unique for each person Collective unconscious: consists of primitive images and ideas that are universal for humans © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7 E

Carl Jung n n n Less emphasis on social factors. Focused on the unconscious. We all have a collective unconscious: a shared/inherited well of memory traces from our species history.

Jung’s Two Levels of the Unconscious n Personal unconscious: n n Contains the individual’s repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas Collective unconscious: n The part of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species ©Prentice Hall 2003 10 -74

Carl Jung n n Archetypes – certain symbols/literary characters that we all recognize Ex: wise old man, witches, messiah

Archetypes n n The thought forms common to all human beings. Archetypes are stored in the collective unconscious. ©Prentice Hall 2003 10 -76

Archetypes n Mother: n n Hero: n n A protective presence One who overcomes Persona: n Our public self ©Prentice Hall 2003 10 -77

Archetypes n Anima: n n The female archetype as it is expressed in the male personality. Animus: n The male archetype as it is expressed in the female personality. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. X 07 j 9 SDFcc (Lion King Part 1) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=U_Tp. Jf. LKBT 0&feature=rela ted (Lion King Part 2) ©Prentice Hall 2003 10 -78

Jung’s Two General Attitude Types n Extrovert: n n One who focuses more on social life and the external world instead of his/her own thoughts and feelings. Introvert: n One who focuses on his/her own thoughts and feelings. ©Prentice Hall 2003 10 -79

Jung’s Two Types of Individuals n Rational: n n One who regulates his/her actions by thinking and feeling. Irrational: n One who bases his/her actions on perceptions, either through the senses or unconscious processes (intuition). ©Prentice Hall 2003 10 -80

What is Myers-Briggs personality type? n Based on Jung’s types

Individual Psychology n n Rather than seeing behavior as motivated by unconscious forces, Adler believed it is purposeful and goaldirected. Inferiority complex: Adler’s idea that feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7 E

Alfred Adler n n n n Childhood is important to personality. But focus should be on social factors- not sexual ones. Behavior is driven by efforts to conquer inferiority & feel superior. Inferiority Complex - feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence. We strive to be superior Coined term compensation First to study birth order

Karen Horney’s theory n Horney stress the importance of basic anxiety and refuted Freud’s idea of “penis envy, ” replacing it with “power envy. ” n Basic anxiety – the feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environment. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7 E

My Real Self Rank yourself on a scale of 1 -7 on each of the following characteristics. THERE ARE NO RIGHT ANSWERS. IT WILL NOT BE COLLECTED. GOAL = BE AS ACCURATE AS POSSIBLE.

MY REAL SELF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Independent ---------------- Dependent Withdrawn ----------------- Sociable Sexual --------------------Nonsexual Lazy ----------------------Hardworking A follower ------------------ A leader

Humanistic Psychology n In the 1960’s people became sick of Freud’s negativity and trait psychology’s objectivity. • Along came psychologists wanted to focus on “healthy” people and how to help them strive to “be all that they can be”. • Freud studied the ill, Humanists studied the well.

Abraham Maslow’s Self Actualizing Person n Hierarchy of Needs • Ultimately seek selfactualization (the process of fulfilling our potential). • Maslow developed his ideas by studying what he termed “healthy people”.

Who did Maslow study?

Self-Actualized People They share certain characteristics: • They are self aware and self accepting • Open and spontaneous • Loving and caring • Not paralyzed by others’ opinions. • They are secure in who they are.

Self-Actualized People n Problem centered rather than self-centered. Focused their energies on a particular task. Few deep relationships, rather than many superficial ones.

Self-Actualization n These are the qualities that make up a mature adult. • These people have found their calling in life. Is this a goal worth striving for?

Carl Rogers n n A. Actualizing tendency (person’s tendency to fulfill his/her human potential) believed we are innately positive as we grow up, parents and authority figures place “conditions” on our worth we begin to operate under conditional positive regard & we lose our sense of self We need unconditional positive regard in our relationships & from therapist.

B. Self concept (two parts) 1. Real self -The you that you are 2. Ideal self -The self we think we should be (unattainable) e. g. You are not a quality person if you don’t have a girlfriend…social situations will be threatening e. g. Successful people go to college…career options outside of this will be denied Goal: Fully functioning Individual (congruency) Uniting your real and ideal self

REAL IDEAL Incongruent self: neurosis REAL IDEAL Incongruent self: psychosis (shattered self)

Fully-Functioning Individual Congruence! Open to experiences Freedom from society Creativity

Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy (Person-Centered/Rogerian) n n Client says what’s wrong, find ways of improving, etc. Requirements of therapist: n n Congruence (genuineness) = honesty with client Empathy = feel what the client feels Respect = acceptance, unconditional positive regard for client Mirror the clients emotions and thoughts so that he/she can decide their path in life

My Ideal Self On each of the following, identify how you would like to be. Give the rankings that would best represent your ideal self. THERE ARE NO RIGHT ANSWERS. YOU ARE NOT TRYING TO GET HIGH OR LOW SCORE. IT WILL NOT BE COLLECTED.

MY IDEAL SELF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Independent ---------------- Dependent Withdrawn ----------------- Sociable Sexual --------------------Nonsexual Lazy ----------------------Hardworking A follower ------------------ A leader

How do we measure personality? (examples of personality tests? )

n n Projective tests ask subject to interpret a picture. Used only by psychoanalysts; are subjective. Ex. TAT, Rorschach Ink blot test Self-report tests are questionnaires. Used by humanists and others. Used more commonly than projective. They rely on honesty. Ex: Five factor, MMPI, Myers-Briggs.

TAT Thematic Apperception Test n A projective test which people express their inner feelings through stories they make about ambiguous scenes

Thematic Apperception Test

TAT

Rorschach Inkblot Test n The most widely used projective test • A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Rorschach Inkblot Test

What is the trait approach to personality? n n A trait: The typical way a person perceives, feels, believes or acts. Example: introverted, thinker, feeler, uptight The trait approach says a personality is the sum of all the traits. Problem: traits are situational, not permanent.

Gordon Allport n n Believed most important traits or personality were those related to our values Categories of value related traits: n n n Cardinal traits Central traits Secondary traits © 1999 Prentice Hall

Allport n n n Central traits – building blocks of personality (grumpy, smart, wild, sneaky, etc. ) Secondary traits – not as obvious or consistent; preferences, attitudes, situational traits (“gets angry when try to tickle him, ” “she has unusual sexual preferences”) Cardinal traits – traits that practically define our lives; few develop these; if do, later in life (Scrooge = greed, Mother Teresa = religious service,

Raymond Cattell n Believed there were 3 types of traits useful in describing personality n n Dynamic traits Ability traits Temperament traits Distinguished between “surface” & “source” traits © 1999 Prentice Hall

Raymond Cattell n n Used factor analysis Identified 46 “surface” traits – clusters of related behaviors; characteristics that can be observed in given situation Further factored to 16 “source” traits – basic dimensions of personality Created the 16 PF Questionnaire n Influenced the Big Five © 1999 Prentice Hall

Hans Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions n Eysenck argued that personality could be reduced to three basic dimensions (source traits): n Emotional stability n Introversion-extraversion n Psychoticism (added) n n Recklessness, disregard for common sense, level of inappropriate emotional expression Personality traits = based in biology & genes © 1999 Prentice Hall

William Sheldon & body types (1898 -1977) Your body type determines your personality

Sheldon’s endomorph • Love of food • Love of comfort • Sociable • Good-humored • Relaxed • Tolerant

Sheldon’s ectomorph • Self-conscious • Private • Introverted • Intense • Artistic • Restrained

Sheldon’s mesomorph • Adventurous • Dominant • Courageous • Indifferent • Competitive • Risk-taker

Five Factor Model (modern) n n n Tests our personality by measuring a person’s level of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability-instability, and openness to experience. Similar to the Myers-Briggs. Are 5 traits enough?

Overview of the Big “ 5”

The MMPI n The most common test today is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Social/Cognitive Perspective n n Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive approach focuses on self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism. Julian Rotter’s locus of control theory emphasizes a person’s internal or external focus as a major determinant of personality. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7 E

Evaluating Social/Cognitive Theory n n Emphasizes the interaction between the environment and the individual Meets the standards for scientific research by offering testable and objective hypotheses Ignores unconscious and emotional components of personality Overlooks developmental aspects of personality© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7 E

What is locus of control? n n Locus means “place” in Greek (loci is plural) refers to a person's belief about what causes the good or bad results in his life, either in general or in a specific area

External locus of control? n n n Having an external locus of control means the cause of everything comes from the outside. In a car accident, the car hit you or the roads were slippery. Acing a test – the teacher likes you. You are lucky.

Internal locus of control n n n Having an internal locus of control – you believe you are the cause and solution to problems. You deserve credit. Crash a car? “I wasn’t paying attention” Ace a test? I studied. I copied my notes onto note cards.

Good Luck! n n Make sure to double check all of your answers and study them for the upcoming exam. Remember, AT LEAST FIVE of the questions from this quiz will make some sort of appearance on the chapter test along with one of the essay questions. Take advantage of this study guide and good luck on your test!