Personality Assessment of Personality l Describe personality Approximately

Personality

Assessment of Personality l Describe personality ¡ Approximately 18, 000 words Trait theory l Personality inventory l

Trait theory l Allport & Odbert list ¡ l l 4500 terms ¡ Raymond Cattell ¡ ¡ 181 clusters 16 factors Hans Eysenck l 2 factors ( now 3 factors ) The Big Five

Eysenck’s personality factor l Introversion-extraversion l Neuroticism

The Big Five ( OCEAN ) l l l Opennes Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Personality inventory MMPI l CPI l Q-Sort l

MMPI l True , False, and cannot say l Paranoid and normal individual l Empirical test l MMPI-II, CPI

Q-Sort about 100 cards into piles l Explicitly compare each trait with other traits within the same individual l

personality structure l 1. id-pleasure l 2. ego-reality l 3. superego principle

defense mechanisms 防衛機制 l 1. repression 潛抑 -excluding from conscious awareness impulses or memories that are too frightening or painful ←→ suppression 主觀上

l 2. rationalization 合理化 -assigning logical or socially desirable motives to what we do so that we seem to have acted rationally

l 3. reaction formation 反向作用 -concealing a motive form ourselves by giving strong expression to the opposite motive

l 4. project 投射作用 -assigning our own undesirable qualities to others in exaggerated amounts

l 5. intellectualization 理性 -attempting to gain detachment from a stressful situation by dealing with it in abstract, intellectual terms

l 6. denial 否定 -denying that an unpleasant reality exists

Projective test(投射性測驗) P 465 -469 l. The Rorschach Test l. Thematic Apperception Test

Scoring the response l Location ¡ 是根據某部位or整體對圖跡做出response？ l Determinants ¡ 是根據圖跡的形狀、顏色or脈絡、影像的不同做 聯想？ l Content ¡ What the response represents?

The Behaviorist Approach

Operant conditioning 操作制約 l Operant conditioning l 影響我們習得行為的因素： http: //homepage. ntu. edu. tw/~r 93722009/data/CH 12_1. pdf ‧ direct ‧ vicarious ─ observational learning ‧ self-administered

l Behavior V. S. situation ‧Generalization l Aggressive ‧obscure the cross-situational variability of behavior

Classical Conditioning 古典制約 l classical l conditioning Forbidden activity ─ CS punishment ─ UCS anxiety ─ CR

Individual Difference 個別差異 l Variables on which individual differ from one another l The general process of personality function l 行為學派著重後者

A Behaviorist Portrait of Human Behavior l Deterministic l Focuses l John on environmental determinants Watson

An Evaluation of The Behaviorist Approach l 貢獻 ─ clinical psychology ─ human actions are reactions to specific environment ─ 改變環境 → 改變行為

‧批評 ─ overemphasizing situation influences on befavior l Cross-situation consistency of personality