Periodic Table of Elements chlorine nitrogen gold helium

Periodic Table of Elements

chlorine nitrogen gold helium silver oxygen mercury hydrogen sodium niobium neodymium carbon

Elements � Science has come along way since Aristotle’s theory of Air, Water, Fire, and Earth. � Scientists have identified 90 naturally occurring elements, and created about 28 others.

Elements �The elements, alone or in combinations, make up our bodies, our world, our sun, and in fact, the entire universe.

The most abundant element in the earth’s crust is oxygen.

Periodic Table � The periodic table organizes the elements in a particular way. A great deal of information about an element can be gathered from its position in the period table. � For example, you can predict with reasonably good accuracy the physical and chemical properties of the element. You can also predict what other elements a particular element will react with chemically. � Understanding the organization and plan of the periodic table will help you obtain basic information about each of the 118 known elements.

Key to the Periodic Table � Elements are organized on the table according to their atomic number, usually found near the top of the square. � The atomic number refers to how many protons an atom of that element has. � For instance, hydrogen has 1 proton, so it’s atomic number is 1. � The atomic number is unique to that element. No two elements have the same atomic number.

What’s in a square? � Different periodic tables can include various bits of information, but usually: � atomic number � symbol � atomic mass � number of valence electrons � state of matter at room temperature.

Periodic Table Families

The Periodic Table �All of the matter in the universe is made up of the 118 elements on the Periodic Table.

The Periodic Table We group these elements in many different ways. �There are “blocks” of elements that all have similarities. �There also “periods” of elements that are in the same horizontal row.

Properties of Metals � Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. � Metals are shiny. � Metals are ductile (can be stretched into thin wires). � Metals are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets). � A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water which results in corrosion.

Properties of Non-Metals � Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. � Non-metals are not ductile or malleable. � Solid non-metals are brittle and break easily. � They are dull. � Many non-metals are gases. Sulfur

Properties of Metalloids � Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and non-metals. � They are solids that can be shiny or dull. � They conduct heat and electricity better than nonmetals but not as well as metals. � They are ductile and malleable. Silicon

Families � Columns of elements are called groups or families. � Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties. � For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny metals. � All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons. Periods � Each horizontal row of elements is called a period. � The elements in a period are not alike in properties. � In fact, the properties change greatly across even given row. � The first element in a period is always an extremely active solid. The last element in a period, is always an inactive gas.

The Periodic Table �“Groups” are also made out of the vertical columns. These elements are very similar.

The Periodic Table �The last way we can group the elements is in to families. ! y l i m a F Just like the mem bers of a have ma fam ny simil arities, t ily element he so Periodic f a family on th e Table ha ve lots i n commo n! �We are going to focus on these families because they group together the elements with the most similar characteristics. Looking at the family will tell you the most information about an element.

Color and Label Activity Please take out your copy of The Periodic Table. Label and Color along as we talk about each part. After you have colored and labeled the family on your Table, fill in the notes about each family’s characteristics on your “Families of the Periodic Table” worksheet.

The Periods �Start by numbering the periods on the Table. �The periods are the horizontal rows. Number them 1 through 7.

The Groups �Next, number the groups. The groups are the vertical columns. Number them 1 through 18. � Periods and Groups are an easy way to locate an element quickly.

Key �Start a key for your periodic table here or under your table: part e h t is A key map or of a that m a r diag ou the y gives tion you ma d infor o read an t need rstand it! unde Every time we color a family, add it to your key.

The Alkali Metals �The first family we will discuss is the Alkali Metals. Color them red on your Periodic Table. Alkali Metals

The Alkali Metals �All of the alkali metals: �Are shiny and soft. �Are highly reactive with other elements. �Easily lose their outermost electron. �Can be cut easily. �In nature, are only found in salts - never by themselves. � The most abundant of which is Sodium, which is in the salt we add to our food! Did you know that sodium is a metal?

The Alkaline Earth Metals �Next, color and label the Alkaline Earth Metals. Color them green. Alkaline Earth Metals

The Alkaline Earth Metals �All of the Alkaline Earth Metals: �Are shiny and silvery-white. �Are somewhat reactive with other elements. �Easily lose their two outermost electrons. �Have low density, melting point, and boiling point.

The Transition Metals �Next, label the Transition Metals. Color them blue. Transition Metals

The Transition Metals �All of the Transition Metals: �Are malleable and ductile. �Are very good conductors of heat and electricity �Are very dense. �Have a high boiling point and a high melting point. �Other than the metals in group 12 – they have a lower boiling and melting point than the others. They are liquid at room temperature.

The Other Metals �Now, label the Other Metals. Color them purple. The Other Metals

The Other Metals �The Other Metals: �Are the metals that don’t share characteristics with any other family of metals. �Are also malleable and ductile. �Have a semi-high density. �Are opaque. �Are solid at room temperature.

The Metalloids �Now, label the Metalloids. Color them orange. The Metalloids

The Metalloids �The Metalloids: �Are the elements in between the metals and the non-metals. � Share similarities with both metals and nonmetals. �Most are semi-conductors.

The Non-Metals �Now, label the Non-Metals. Color them pink. The Non-Metals

The Non-Metals �All of the Non-Metals: �Do not conduct heat or electricity well. �Are very brittle. �Some are gases, like Oxygen. �Some are solids, like Carbon. �Have no luster and reflect no light.

The Halogens �Next, label the Halogens. Color them light blue. The Halogens

The Halogens �All of the Halogens: �Are non-metallic. �Are toxic. �Are highly reactive. �Occur in solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature.

The Noble Gases �Next, label the Noble Gases. Color them gray. The Noble Gases

The Noble Gases �All of the Noble Gases: �Almost never react with any other element. �Have full outer shells. �Are very stable. �Are all gases. �Are odorless and colorless. �Have low melting and boiling points.

The Rare Earth Elements � Lastly, label the Rare Earth Elements. Color them light green. The Rare Earth Elements

The Rare Earth Elements �All of the Rare Earth Elements: �Are referred to as the lanthanide and actinide series. �Are mostly synthetic (man-made). �Are a part of group 3 on the Periodic Table. �Are metals. �And are sometimes called “Rare Earth Metals” instead of Rare Earth Elements.

Hydrogen �The hydrogen square sits atop Family AI, but it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own. �It’s a gas at room temperature. �It has one proton and one electron in its one and only energy level. �Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence shell.

Alkali Metals � The alkali family is found in the first column of the periodic table. � Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost level, in other words, 1 valence electron. � They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife.

Alkali Metals �They are the most reactive metals. �They react violently with water. �Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another element.

Alkaline Earth Metals �They are never found uncombined in nature. �They have two valence electrons. �Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.

Boron Family � The Boron Family is named after the first element in the family. � Atoms in this family have 3 valence electrons. � This family includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals. � This family includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum).

Carbon Family �Atoms of this family have 4 valence electrons. �This family includes a nonmetal (carbon), metalloids, and metals. �The element carbon is called the “basis of life. ” There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon compounds called organic chemistry.

Nitrogen Family � The nitrogen family is named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere. � This family includes nonmetals, metalloids, and metals. � Atoms in the nitrogen family have 5 valence electrons. They tend to share electrons when they bond. � Other elements in this family are phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

Oxygen Family � Atoms of this family have 6 valence electrons. � Most elements in this family share electrons when forming compounds. � Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is extremely active and combines with almost all elements.

Halogen Family � The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. � Halogens have 7 valence electrons, which explains why they are the most active non-metals. They are never found free in nature. Halogen atoms only need to gain 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level. They react with alkali metals to form salts.

The End!