Period 5 Industrialization and Global Integration c 1750

Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900 Key Concept 5. 1. Industrialization and Global Capitalism Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a “good, ” but it also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations, and culture. Although it is common to speak of an “Industrial Revolution, ” the process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, eventually becoming global.

Key Concept 5. 1. I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced. A. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production. Required examples of factors leading to the rise of industrial production: • Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean • The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber • European demographic changes • Urbanization • Improved agricultural productivity • Legal protection of private property • An abundance of rivers and canals • Access to foreign resources • The accumulation of capital B. The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The “fossil fuels” revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies. C. The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

Key Concept 5. 1. D. As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan. E. The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century. II. New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories. A. The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods. B. The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies. C. The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods. D. The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers.

India’s Declining Textile Market India was a major player in the world export market for textiles in the early 18 th century, but by the middle of the 19 th century it had lost all of its export market and much of its domestic market. The ensuing deindustrialization was greatest between 1750 - 1860. It was due to the decline of the Mughals, and British imperialism.

Diamond Mines, South Africa Apartheid in South Africa has its origins in the policies designed to control the black workers in the diamond mines a century ago. Racial discrimination in South Africa was based on the migrant labor system. Native South Africans were treated as foreigners outside strictly defined areas of residence, the so-called 'homelands', and their movement was controlled by the notorious system of pass laws. Typically, men contracted to work in the major cities while leaving their families and political rights behind them in the 'homelands'. Migrant labor ensured a supply of cheap wage labor to the mining sector. Published in History Today Volume 36 Issue: 5 1986 Cullinan Diamond Mine, South Africa

Key Concept 5. 1. III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions. A. The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism and classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. B. Financial instruments expanded. C. The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses. IV. There were major developments in transportation and communication. • Railroads • Steamships • Telegraphs • Canals

The Gold Standard in the US Prior to 1971, the US was on various forms of a gold standard where the value of the dollar was backed by gold reserves. Since 1971, the US dollar has been a fiat currency backed by the "full faith and credit” of the government and not backed by gold. Endorsers of the gold standard argue it provides long -term economic stability and growth, prevents inflation, and restricts the ability of government to print money at will and run up large deficits. Opponents argue a gold standard would create economic instability, spur deflation, and hamper government's ability to stimulate the economy. They say returning to a gold standard would be extremely difficult given the scarcity of gold. http: //gold-standard. procon. org/

The Gold Standard in the US

A Transnational business: HSBC “The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation was founded in Hong Kong in 1865 to finance trade between the China coast, Europe and the USA. ” –hsbc. com “Thomas Sutherland was a Scotsman. . . he went to work for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company in China, where he was involved in the construction of the Hong Kong docks. He soon realized that with trade booming - 70% of which was in opium - there was a need for a trade bank and in March 1865 he opened the Hong Kong Bank. A month later he opened a bank in Shanghai. Further branches were opened in London and San Francisco and the business was soon financing much of the lucrative opium trade. ” http: //www. grandprix. com/gpe/spon-022. html

Key Concept 5. 1. V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses. A. In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions of society. B. In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production. C. In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. D. In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reforms.

Marxism Karl Marx argued that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. " According to this view, ever since human society emerged from its primitive and relatively undifferentiated state it has remained fundamentally divided between classes who clash in the pursuit of class interests. In the world of capitalism, for example, the nuclear cell of the capitalist system, the factory, is the prime locus of antagonism between classes-between exploiters (bourgeoisie) and exploited (proletariat). Funded by Friedrich Engels in 1847, Karl Marx published his Communist Manifesto. In his Communist newspaper, Marx proposed his main ideas for reform: Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

Marxism Continued… 1. The abolition of the property/ownership of land. 2. Abolition of all rights of inheritance. 3. The centralization of all credit, communication, transportation, and factories into the hands of the state. 4. The equal obligation of all to work and the establishment of an industrial and agricultural armies. 5. Free education for all children in public schools. *Some historians believe the reason communism was not fully successful in Russia was because Russia had largely been an agricultural, and not an industrialized society. http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/karl_marx. htm

A Push for Women’s Suffrage In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton called a women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, N. Y. The convention adopted a Declaration of Sentiments that called for women to have equal rights in education, property, and voting. "We hold these truths to be selfevident: that all men and women are created equal. . “ The National Woman Suffrage Association, led by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, was the more radical of the two organizations. Its chief goal was an amendment to the Constitution giving women the vote. In 1872, Anthony and a group of women voted in the presidential election in Rochester, N. Y. She was arrested and fined for voting illegally. At her trial, Anthony made a speech that ended with the slogan "Resistance to Tyranny Is Obedience to God. " In 1893, New Zealand became the first nation to grant women full voting rights. -www. worldbook. com

A Push for Women’s Suffrage Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Key Concept 5. 1. VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy. A. New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed. B. Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization. C. Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions, as well as to new forms of community

Key Concept 5. 2. Imperialism and Nation-State Formation As states industrialized during this period, they also expanded their existing overseas colonies and established new types of colonies and transoceanic empires. Regional warfare and diplomacy both resulted in and were affected by this process of modern empire building. The process was led mostly by Europe, although not all states were affected equally, which led to an increase of European influence around the world. The United States and Japan also participated in this process. The growth of new empires challenged the power of existing land-based empires of Eurasia. New ideas about nationalism, race, gender, class, and culture also developed that facilitated the spread of transoceanic empires, as well as justified anti-imperial resistance and the formation of new national identities.

Key Concept 5. 2 I. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires. A. States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies. B. European states, as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined. C. Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa. D. In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies. E. In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism.

The French in Algeria With the decline of Berber [Northern African nomads] dynasties in the 15 th and 16 th centuries, the valuable coastal strip of north Africa (known because of the Berbers as the Barbary coast) attracted the attention of the two most powerful Mediterranean states of the time - Spain in the west, the Ottoman Empire in the east. The Spanish. Turkish rivalry lasts for much of the 16 th century, but it was gradually won - by Turkish pirates along the coast. The territories seized by the pirates were given protectorate status in the Ottoman empire. In the 19 th century France “claimed” they wanted to help Algeria from the Turkish pirates. Algeria became occupied by the French by 1847. http: //www. historyworld. net A photograph of a young Algerian woman

Key Concept 5. 2 II. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world. A. The expansion of U. S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan. B. The United States and Russia emulated European transoceanic imperialism by expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring territories. C. Anti-imperial resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire. D. New states developed on the edges of existing empires. E. The development and spread of nationalism as an ideology fostered new communal identities. III. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism.

The Creation of the Nation of Hawaii Just prior to the first arrival of Europeans in 1778, the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands lived in an organized social system… that bore a remarkable resemblance to the feudal system of medieval Europe. The monarchical government of the Hawaiian Islands was established in 1810 by King Kameha I. (Ruled 1810 -1819). The Hawaiian Kingdom was governed until 1838 based upon a system of common law, which consisted partly of the ancient kapu (taboo) system. On October 8, 1840, King Kameha III agreed to limit his former absolute power, by agreeing to a constitution with three branches; the King as the Chief Executive, the Legislature, and the Judiciary. Hawaii was recognized as an official state in 1843. To counter the strong possibility of foreign encroachment on Hawaiian territory, King Kameha III dispatched a Hawaiian delegation to the United States and Europe. On December 19, 1842, the Hawaiian delegation, secured the assurance of US President Tyler that the United States would recognize Hawaiian independence. In 1810 Queen Lili'uokalani; ascended to the throne and became the last Hawaiian monarch. http: //www. hawaii-nation. org/soa. html

Hawaii Continued… “On Jan. 17, 1893 the Hawaiian monarchy ended in a day of bloodless revolution. Armed insurrection by a relatively small group of men, most of them American by birth… succeeded in wresting control of the Islands with the backing of American troops. . . Queen Lili`uokalani yielded her throne in order to avoid bloodshed, trusting that the US would right the wrong that had been done to her and the Hawaiian people. Sugar and a coerced constitution played roles in the drama; sugar was by far the principal support of the Islands, and profits and prosperity hinged on favorable treaties with the United States, Hawaiian sugar's chief market, creating powerful economic ties. As the Islands' Queen Lili'uokalani sugar industry grew, large numbers of contract laborers were imported first from China, then from Japan and other countries, to work on the plantations -- the beginning of Hawai`i's present multicultural population. ” http: //www. hawaiination. org/soa. html

Hawaii Plantation, 19 th Century Hawaiian Plate Lunch; the perfect example of cultural diffusion from Asian and European immigrant laborers who came to Hawaii. Notice the chicken teriyaki (Japanese), rice (Chinese/Japanese/Korean), macaroni salad (German) and shredded pork (native Hawaiian).

Key Concept 5. 3. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, and the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment thought and the resistance of colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped this revolutionary activity. These rebellions sometimes resulted in the formation of new states and stimulated the development of new ideologies. These new ideas in turn further stimulated the revolutionary and antiimperial tendencies of this period. I. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments. A. Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relations hips, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life. B. Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation. C. Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

Key Concept 5. 3 D. The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority, as reflected in revolutionary documents. • The American Declaration of Independence • The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter E. These ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social relations, which led to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were implemented. II. Beginning in the eighteenth century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations. III. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements.

Key Concept 5. 3 A. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments. B. American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti, and mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy. • American Revolution • French Revolution • Haitian Revolution • Latin American independence movements C. Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas. D. Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements. E. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism. F. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies.

Slave Resistance in Africa and Maroon Communities “The most well-documented resistance in Africa was off the African coast on the slaving ships… the threat of rebellion seriously affected the trade. It raised costs because of increased security needs and because potential investors got nervous. . . This resistance usually ended in the enslaved Africans failing to secure their immediate freedom. However, it has been shown to have 'significantly reduced the shipment of slaves' to the Americas by a million people… In some more remote areas of the Americas, communities of runaways known as Maroons established themselves and were a thorn in the side of plantation economies. These maroon communities sprang up in areas as different as Suriname, the interior of Brazil and the mountains of Jamaica… In Jamaica and Suriname colonial authorities fought brutal and intense Maroon wars in the mid-eighteenth century in an attempt to destroy these communities, but were unable to defeat them. They had to make deals with them which allowed them to continue to exist. ” – Dr. Alan Rice

The Ghost Dance, a Native American religious movement, originated in Nevada around 1870. In 1870, Tävibo preached that white people would disappear from the earth and dead Indians would return to enjoy a utopian life. He taught followers to perform a ceremonial circular dance that contributed to the movement. The movement spread through Nevada and to parts of California and Oregon but subsided after the prophecies failed to materialize. Another Paiute prophet, Wovoka, revived the movement in 1889. According to his vision, if Indians followed these practices, they would be reunited with the dead and whites would disappear. The Ghost Dance proved particularly enticing to Lakotas suffering poor conditions on reservations and to Lakota leaders such as Sitting Bull, who had resisted U. S. Indian policy. Lakota participants added garments known as ghost shirts to the ceremonies and songs brought by the emissaries. They believed these white muslin shirts, decorated with a variety of symbols, protected them from danger, including bullets…

The Ghost Dance Continued… Reservation officials viewed the movement as a threat to U. S. Indian policy. The government dispatched the U. S. Army and called for the arrest of key leaders such as Sitting Bull. Police killed Sitting Bull while arresting him. Two weeks later, on December 29, 1890, members of the Seventh Cavalry killed Big Foot (another Lakota leader) and at least 145 – 300 in the Wounded Knee Massacre. Many historians have pointed to Wounded Knee as the closing episode in America’s Indian wars. The Ghost Dance died out among the Lakotas after Wounded Knee, but it reemerged in the 1960 s as part of the American Indian Movement. http: //plainshumanities. unl. edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp. rel. 023

Key Concept 5. 3 IV. The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities. A. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism. B. Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.

Key Concept 5. 4. Global Migration patterns changed dramatically throughout this period, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly. These changes were closely connected to the development of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy. In some cases, people benefited economically from migration, while other people were seen simply as commodities to be transported. In both cases, migration produced dramatically different societies for both sending and receiving societies, and presented challenges to governments in fostering national identities and regulating the flow of people. I. Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living. A. Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population. B. Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the nineteenth century. II. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons A. Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work. B. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration.

Chinese Migrant Workers, 19 th C. “Chinese immigrants had come to San Francisco as early as 1838, but large numbers of Chinese only began to come in 1850 for the same reason many Americans were flocking to California - the 1849 Gold Rush. The Chinese immigrants were mainly peasant farmers. Most intended to work hard, make a lot of money, and then return to their families and villages as wealthy men. In this goal, the Chinese did not differ from many immigrants who came to the United States in the 19 th century… However, while many Americans looked down on all immigrants, the Chinese were considered racially as well as culturally inferior, and too different to ever assimilate successfully into American culture. This view was expressed and reinforced by the stereotypic images of Chinese immigrants recorded in the media of the time… Novelists wrote stories in which Chinese characters were outwardly quiet and submissive but were inwardly sinister and cunning. Some of these Yellow Peril novels predicted that Chinese immigrants were part of a secret plan to invade and take over the government of the United States replacing American culture with that of the Chinese. . . The U. S. government began in 1879 to consider legislation to restrict or exclude Chinese immigration. ” The Chinese Experience in 19 th Century America, U. of Illinois

Chinese Immigrants, California Gold Rush

Key Concept 5. 4 Continued… Examples of coerced and semi coerced labor migration: • Slavery • Chinese and Indian indentured servitude • Convict labor C. While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of temporary and seasonal migrants returned to their home societies. III. The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenth century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existing populations. A. Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men. B. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world which helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks. C. Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.

The White Australia Policy “The origins of the White Australia policy can be traced to the 1850 s. White miners' resentment towards Chinese diggers led to violence. . . Factory workers in the south became opposed to all forms of immigration, which might threaten their jobs - particularly by 'non-white' people who they thought would accept a lower standard of living and work for lower wages. In 1901, the federal government passed the Immigration Restriction Act which ended the employment of Pacific Islanders and placed tight controls on certain immigrants. The Act prohibited those considered to be insane, anyone likely to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable institution, and any person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease 'of a loathsome or dangerous character' entry to Australia. It also prohibited prostitutes, criminals, and anyone under a contract or agreement to perform manual labor within Australia (with some limited exceptions). Other restrictions included a dictation test, used to exclude certain applicants by requiring them to pass a written test in a language, with which they were not necessarily familiar, nominated by an immigration officer. . . In 1919, Prime Minister Hughes, hailed it as 'the greatest thing we have achieved'. ” NSW Government, Education and Communities 2013, http: //www. racismnoway. com. au/teaching-resources/factsheets/59. html

Racist Anti-Chinese Propaganda from Australia

The Dreyfuss Affair and Zionism In 1894 French officer Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason and sentenced to life in prison for his alleged crime of passing military secrets to the Germans. The Dreyfus case demonstrated the anti-Semitism permeating France. In a public ceremony in Paris following his conviction, Dreyfus had the insignia torn from his uniform and his sword broken and was paraded before a crowd that shouted, “Death to Judas, death to the Jew. ” In 1896, evidence was disclosed that implicated French Major Ferdinand Esterhazy as the guilty party. The army attempted to suppress this information, but due to national protests, the military had no choice but to put Esterhazy on trial. A court-martial was held in January 1898, and Esterhazy was acquitted within an hour! Alfred Dreyfus

The Dreyfuss Affair and Zionism Continued… After Esterhazy’s acquittal, a French newspaper published an open letter titled “J’Accuse…!” by well-known author Emile Zola in which he defended Dreyfus and accused the military of a major cover-up in the case. As a result, Zola was convicted of libel, although he escaped to England later managed to return to France. In 1898, Major Hubert Henry, discoverer of the original letter attributed to Dreyfus, admitted that he had forged much of the evidence against Dreyfus and then Henry committed suicide. Soon afterward, Esterhazy fled the country. The military was forced to order a new court-martial for Dreyfus. In 1899, he was found guilty in another show trial and sentenced to 10 years in prison. However, a new French administration pardoned him, and in 1906 the supreme court of appeals overturned his conviction.

The Dreyfuss Affair and Zionism Continued… Incidents such as the Dreyfuss affair influenced the Zionist movement begun by Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist. He argued that Jews would only be safe if they were able to form a nation-state. In 1897 Herzl convened the first Zionist Congress at Basel, Switzerland, which put forth the statement “Zionism strives to create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by public law. ” When the Ottoman government refused Herzl’s request for Palestinian autonomy, he found support in Great Britain. In 1903 the British government offered 6, 000 square miles of uninhabited Uganda (central Africa) for settlement, but the Zionists held out for Palestine (the Holy Land). Theodor Herzl

Period 3 Changes and Continuities Changes French Revolution Industrial Revolution Imperialism End of Atlantic Slave Trade Social Darwinism Congress of Vienna Creation of Italy & Germany Continuities Western Europe ü ü ü ü Class based social hierarchy Eastern Europe ü Introduction of Marxism ü Congress of Vienna ü Growth of Russian Empire Less industrialized than Western Europe South Asia ü Imperialism by Britain ü Sepoy Rebellion Produced opium, tea, spices Dominant religion was Hinduism

Changes Continuities East Africa Imperialized by Portugal, Dutch, British West Africa ü Imperialized by Gold- salt trade France, Britain, and Portugal ü End of Atlantic Slave Trade North Africa Imperialized by Britain, Spain, France, Ottomans SW Asia ü Imperialized by Britain ü Decline of Ottoman Empire ü Zionist movement South Africa ü Imperialized by Dutch and British ü Remained “Holy Land” ü Dominant religion was Islam

Changes East Asia ü ü ü Continuities Imperialized by Britain, France, US ü Produced tea, silk, porcelain Opium Wars ü Patriarchal societies Unequal Treaties ü Confucianism Taiping Rebellion ü Qing (Manchu) Meiji Restoration Dynasty (1644 – 1912)

Period 3 Changes and Continuities Changes Continuities Americas ü American Revolution ü Racism and patriarchy persisted ü Latin American Revolutions ü Manifest destiny (idea that America ü Mexican Revolutions should expand from ü Increasing coast to coast) immigration ü Industrialization ü End of slavery ü Push for women’s rights Oceania ü Monarchy established ü Hawaiian independence ü Tapu (taboo) system ü Feudalistic class based society

HW Questions 1. Complete your Period 5 Chart (+5 for printing it!) 2. Complete your period 5 Timeline (see the next slide) 3. What is the connection between HSBC and British imperialism? 4. Were United States policies against Native Americans similar to the White Australia policy? *Reference the Ghost Dance. 5. Briefly describe the Dreyfuss Affair. How did it help spurn the Zionist movement?

Period 5 Visual Timeline Date 1750 s July 4, 1776 Event 1778 1799 1804 1814 – 1815 1839 - 1842 1861 – 1865 Beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress Captain James Cook landed in Hawaii The French Revolution ended The Haitian Revolution ended The Congress of Vienna The Opium Wars in China US Civil War 1868 1869 1870 1871 1898 – 1899 Meiji Restoration in Japan Opening of the Suez Canal Unification of Italy Unification of Germany Spanish American War

Key Vocabulary Algeria Apartheid Armenian Genocide Barbary Coast Berbers Bourgeoisie Communist Manifesto Declaration of Sentiments Deindustrialization Dreyfuss Affair Dutch East India Company Elizabeth Cady Stanton Friedrich Engels Ghost Dance Gold Standard Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation Immigration Restriction Act Karl Marx Lucretia Mott Maroons Proletariat Seneca Falls Convention Tanzimat Movement The National Woman Suffrage Association Sitting Bull Theodor Herzl White Australia Policy Wounded Knee Massacre Yellow Peril Zionism