Period 5 1844 1877 Chapter 13 15 As

Period 5: 1844 -1877 Chapter 13 -15 As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war—the course and aftermath of which transformed American society. Key Concept 5. 1: The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. Key Concept 5. 2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. Key Concept 5. 3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis 1840 -1860 Between 1845 and 1860, critical events and issues seemed to come in a rush, giving Americans little time to analyze what was happening and to reflect on long-range solutions. Emotion seemed to replace reason, as the debate grew increasingly repetitious and loud. The question, or so it seemed, was the expansion of slavery into the territories gained during the Polk administration. But something far more fundamental was at stake, the future of the nation. Northerners had become convinced that the expansion of slavery threatened the democratic foundations of the United Sates and that expansion would give the South control of the government, which would lead to economic stagnation, unemployment, and financial ruin, all the effect of the depression of 1837 but magnified. From their point of view, the South, and its peculiar institution, threatened the nation's growth and progress and had to be overcome. The South, however, convinced of the legality of its position and the validity of its institutions, fought back and with remarkable success. By combining its power in the Democratic Party (which gave it extraordinary influence in Congress and with the president) with its supporters on the Supreme Court, the slave states seemed secure. But still, they were fearful. Convinced that they had given up all they could in earlier compromises, they feared future gains by those they considered to be enemies, and those they feared most were the Republicans.

The Impending Crisis 1836 -1860 Chapter Thirteen Main Themes üThe influence of Manifest Destiny on Americans during the period, and how it shaped American policy in Texas, Oregon, California, and the Southwest. üThe many events concerning the expansion of slavery into the western territories that deepened divisions between the North and the South and led to the Civil War. üThe effect of the dispute over slavery in reshaping the American political-party system, bringing an end to the Whigs and birthing the Republicans.

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis 1830 -1860 Manifest Destiny John O’Sullivan Stephen Austin Texas Revolution Sam Houston The Alamo Battle of San Jacinto “ 54 40 or Fight” Oregon Territory Oregon Treaty 1846 James K. Polk Election 1844 John Slidell Zachary Taylor Mexican Cession Wilmont Proviso Popular Sovereignty Free-Soil Party 49’ers Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act personal liberty laws “Young America” Ostend Manifesto Gadsden Purchase Kansas Nebraska Act Republican Party “Bleeding Kansas” Sumner-Brookes Affair Dred Scott v. Sanford Stephen Douglas Lincoln-Douglas debates Lecompton Constitution James Buchanan John Brown Harpers Ferry Abraham Lincoln Election 1860 Southern Secession Ft. Sumter, SC 1861

Oregon Trail 1830 -1850

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis 1830 -1860 Discussion notes

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis 1830 -1860 Discussion notes

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis 1830 -1860 Discussion notes

Mexican War 1846 -1848

Civil War 1861 -1865 Chapter Fourteen Main Themes üThe establishment of the Confederacy, the failure of the final attempts at compromise, and the road to Fort Sumter. üThe social and economic mobilization of both the Union and Confederacy for war, and what that mobilization revealed about the nature and character of each side. üThe military strategy and campaigns of the Civil War, leading to the Union victory in April of 1865.

Chapter 14 The Civil War 1861 -1865 Before 1860, reference to the nation generally began "these United States are, " but after 1865 it became more frequently "the United States is. " In that change, one might well see the most important outcome of the American Civil War. The question of the nature of the Union, which had been debated since its inception, was settled; the nation was one and indivisible. As such the United States joined a worldwide movement to create large, consolidated nation-states. The cost had been great, in both human and financial terms, but the war had done more than defeat secessionist rebellion. It had set the nation on a new course. States’ rights, as an alternative to nationalism, had been dealt a fatal blow. The tariff and internal improvements were law and would remain so. Slavery was abolished, free labor was triumphant, and industrial growth and material progress seemed to lie ahead. The war, therefore, represented more than a victory for the armies of the Union. The real victor had been the Union itself. Never again would the supremacy of national laws be seriously questioned. The Civil War gave birth to the modern United States. Indeed, it ended an era and began another.

Civil War 1861 -1865 Secession Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Crittenden Compromise Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Emancipation Proclamation Fort Sumter Homestead Act 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act National Bank Act National Railway Act 54 th Massachusetts Greenbacks National Draft Law Gen. Robert E. Lee New York City Draft Riots Writ of Habeas Corpus Ex Parte Milligan Copperheads Election of 1860 Vicksburg Confiscation Acts Emancipation Proc. 1863 Clara Barton Conscription Act Gen. George Mc. Clellan Battle for Atlanta Gen. Robert E. Lee Ironclads Cotton Diplomacy Repeating weapons Antietam Gettysburg William T. Sherman John Wilkes Booth Appomattox Courthouse Sherman’s March

The Southern Confederacy 1860 -1865

Chapter 14 Civil War 1861 -1865 Discussion notes

Chapter 14 Civil War 1861 -1865 Discussion notes

Chapter 15 Reconstruction and the New South The military aspect of the American Civil War lasted less than five years and ended in April 1865, but it would take another dozen years of Reconstruction to determine what the results of the war would be. The only questions clearly settled by the time of Appomattox were that the nation was indivisible and that slavery must end. The nation faced other issues with far-reaching implications. What would be the place of the freedmen in Southern society? How would the rebellious states be brought back into their "proper relationship" with the Union? The victorious North was in a position to dominate the South, but Northern politicians were not united in either resolve or purpose. For over two years after the fighting stopped, there was no coherent Reconstruction policy. Congress and the president struggled with each other, and various factions in Congress had differing views on politics, race, and union. Congress finally won control and dominated the Reconstruction process until Southern resistance and Northern ambivalence led to the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Whites who reasserted their economic and political control set out to industrialize the region but with little success. The South remained a troubled agricultural sector. No economic, political, or social issue in the South could escape the race question. The Jim Crow system of the southern establishment succeeded in evading the spirit of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and many African Americans began to wonder just who won the Civil War. Meanwhile the South continued its colonial relationship with the North and southern plain folk, black and white, found themselves trapped by crop liens in circumstances some felt were almost as bad as slavery

Chapter 15 Reconstruction 1865 -1877 Main Themes üRadical Reconstruction changed the South in many significant ways, but ultimately fell short of the full transformation needed to secure equality for the freedmen. üThe policies of the Grant administration moved beyond Reconstruction matters to foreshadow issues of the late nineteenth century, such as political corruption and currency reform. üWhite leaders reestablished economic and political control of the South and sought to modernize the region through industrialization while redrawing the color line of racial discrimination in public life. üThe race question continued to dominate Southern life well past Reconstruction into modern times.

Chapter 15 Reconstruction and the New south 1865 -1890 Lincoln’s Reconstruction Greenback Party 13 t h Amendment 15 t h Amendment Wade Davis Bill Liberal Republicans 14 t h Amendment Pocket Veto Hiram Revels Ex Parte Milligan Thaddeus Stevens Scalawags Plessy v. Furguson Charles Sumner Carpet Baggers Ida B. Wells Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Crop-Lien System Booker T. Washington Radical Reconstruction Sharecropping Seward’s Follies Civil Rights Act 1866 Ku Klux Klan Grandfather Clause’s Black Codes Redeemer Governments Literacy Tests Freedman’s Bureau Ulysses S. Grant Poll Taxes Military Reconstruction Act Force Acts Compromise of 1877 Tenure of Office Act Grant Scandals Rutherford B. Hayes Johnson’s Impeachment Panic of 1873 Election of 1876

Chapter 15 Reconstruction 1865 -1877 Discussion notes

Chapter 15 Reconstruction 1865 -1877 Discussion notes