Period 2 Review 1648 1815 Part I Absolutism

Period 2 Review 1648 -1815 Part I

Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Absolutism: FRANCE - Louis XIV (r. 1643 -1715) L’etat, c’est moi Louis XIV, 1701 by Rigaud CHARACTERISTICS: • Absolute monarchs not subordinate to national assemblies • Nobility reigned in • Bureaucrats (17 th C. ) were career officials and answered only to monarch • Maintained large standing armies

Versailles Baroque Architecture: Marquis Louvois • Large-scale reinforced image as most powerful absolute ruler • Royal court grew from 600 to 10, 000 people when court moved from Paris • Louis had absolute control over nobility, who were required to live there for several months a year

Religious Policies: Edict of Fontainbleu (1685) • Revoked the Edict of Nantes (Henry IV– 1598) – Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism Protestant peasants rebelled against the officially sanctioned dragonnades (conversions enforced by dragoons, labeled "missionaries in boots") that followed the Edict of Fontainebleau.

Mercantilism: Finance Minister Jean Baptiste Colbert (1665 -83) • State control over country’s economy to achieve favorable balance of trade with other countries – Bullionism: • Colbert’s goal: economic selfsufficiency • By 1683, France was leading industrial country

Wars of Louis XIV • Initially successful, but economically disastrous • Balance of Power system emerged in response to Louis/France threat First Dutch War, 1667 -1668 (War of Devolution) The Dutch War (1672 -1679) Nine Years’ War (War of League of Augsburg) 1688 -97

War of Spanish Succession, 1701 -1713 Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • • • Most important treaty between Peace of Westphalia (1683) and Treaty of Paris (1763) Maintained balance of power Ended expansionism under Louis Spanish possessions partitioned – Britain gained most – Austria gained Spanish Netherlands – Netherlands gained buffer zone Prohibited unification of Spanish and French Bourbon dynasties Kings formally recognized in Sardinia and Prussia – nucleus of future unified states of Germany and Italy

Eastern vs. Western Absolutism East • • • Based on powerful nobility, weak middle class, and oppressed peasantry of serfs Threat of war with European and Asian invaders served as motivators to consolidate power 2 methods: – King imposed taxes without consent – Large standing armies West • In France, nobility limited, middle-class strong, and peasants – not serfs • Why no serfs in west? – Black Death resulted in labor shortages

The Austrian (Hapsburg) Empire • • • Hapsburg power only in Austria Areas: – Naples, Sardinia, Milan – Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) – Hungary (largest part of empire) and Transylvania (Romania) Austria NOT a nation-state, rather a multinational empire: – Austria proper: Germans, Italians – Bohemia: Czechs, Germans – Hungary: Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, Romanians

Important Hapsburg Rulers: Ferdinand II • Thirty Years’ War Ferdinand III • Centralized government in Austria proper Leopold I (1658 -1705) • Restricted Protestant worship • Siege of Vienna (1683) Emperor Charles VI (17111740) • Pragmatic Sanction (1713) – Hapsburg possessions divided and passed to a single heir War of Austrian Succession, 1740 -48 • Challenge to Maria Theresa’s succession

Prussia: House of Hohenzollern Frederick William, the “Great Elector” (r. 1640 -1688) • • Strict Calvinist, but granted religious toleration to Catholics and Jews Oversaw Prussian militarism – Used power and taxation to unify Rhineland, Prussia and Brandenburg – “Junkers” backbone of Prussian military officer corps Frederick I “The Ostentatious” (r. 1688 -1713) • • Tried to imitate Louis XIV Fought two wars against Louis XIV and allied with Hapsburgs – Nine Years’ War (1688 -1697) – War of Spanish Succession (17011713) • Peace of Utrecht recognized the title “King of Prussia”

Frederick William I (r. 1713 -1740) The Soldiers’ King • • • Most important Hohenzollern king in terms of absolutism – Calvinist Militarism into society “Sparta of the North” Double size of army (4 th largest, but best) 80% gov spending – very high taxed Most efficient bureaucracy – merit based Frederick II “the Great” (r. 1740 -1786) • Enlightened despot • most powerful and famous of Prussian kings • Increased Prussian territory at expense of Hapsburgs

Russia: The Romanovs Peter the Great (r. 1682 -1725) • Revolt of the Strelski put down by Peter in 1698 securing his reign • Military power greatest concern – 75% budget on military – Royal army over 200 K men + 100 K special forces (Cossacks and foreigners) – compulsory military service – Large navy built on Baltic • Great Northern War (1700 -1721) – Russia vs. Sweden – Treaty of Nystad (1721): • Russia gained Latvia, Estonia and its “Window on the West” in the Baltic Sea

Peter the Great Government • • Ruled by decree (absolutist) – No representative political body Table of Ranks – Sought to replace Boyar nobility with service-based nobility loyal to tsar Secret police crushed opposition Heavy taxes on trade sales and rent; head tax on every male Orthodox Church became government department St. Petersburg, capital Peterhof Palace Modernization and westernization • Imported western technicians and craftsmen to build large factories

Peterhof Palace

Constitutionalism in Europe 1600 -1725 The Dutch Republic Beginning 17 th c: Dutch Golden Age Government: confederation of seven provinces, each with representative gov. dominated by bourgeoisie and limited power of state

The Dutch Republic Religious toleration • Calvinism dominant religion • Catholics and Jews fewer rights but tolerated Mercantilism 17 th century • • • Innovations in banking and finance promoted urban financial centers and a money economy Dutch East India Co. 1602 -1799 – Challenged Portugese in Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, South Africa – By 1700 dominated spice trade Amsterdam banking and commercial center of Europe (replaced Antwerp) Bank of Amsterdam (1609): first central bank in European history; offered lowest interest rates

Tulip Mania, 1634 -1637 • Demand for tulips by the Dutch increased substantially in the 1630 s • Many speculators and merchants mortgaged all of their property and depleted their savings to invest in just a few tulip bulbs. (Dash) • At their highest point on February 3, 1637, prices stood at some 2000% their value during 1636. • When Tulip prices fell, thousands of speculators lost their entire savings as tulips rapidly lost over 99% of their peak value. (Dash) • Once the bubble burst, even the most successful and wealthiest merchants and tulip-owners were left with nothing

Dutch Style vs. Baroque Characteristics: • Reflected wealth and religious toleration of secular subjects • Reflected urban and rural settings of Dutch life • Commissioned by merchants or government organizations • • Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 -1669) – Greatest of all Baroque-era artists, though not of one style – Used tenebrism characteristic of Baroque Johannes Vermeer (1632 -1675) – Simple, domestic interior scenes of ordinary people – Master of use of light Frans Hals (1580 -1666) – Portraits of middle-class people and militia companies Jan Steen (1626 -1679) – Genre painter – Known for humor, use of light and color

Rembrandt The Syndics 1663 Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 1632

Johannes Vermeer (1632 -1675) Girl with a Pearl Earring 1665 The Allegory of Painting 1666 -68

Frans Hals Buffoon Playing Lute 1623 Banquet of the Officers at St. George Civic Guard Company, 1627

Jan Steen Wine is a Mocker 1663 -64 The Drawing Lesson 1665

England, 17 th Century (Constitutionalism W. Europe) Society • Capitalism and a high degree of social mobility – Commercial Revolution increased size of middle class – Gentry: wealthy non-noble landowners in the countryside – Improved agricultural techniques improved farming and husbandry

The Glorious Revolution, 1688 -1689 Causes: • Parliament unwilling to sacrifice constitutional gains of Civil War – James II forced to abdicate and fled to France – William III (of Orange) and Mary II declared joint sovereigns

English Bill of Rights 1689 • • England becomes constitutional monarchy Petition of Right (1628), Habeas Corpus Act (1679) and Bill of Rights all part of English Constitution Provisions: • Monarch could not be Catholic • Laws only made with consent of Parliament • Parliament right of free speech • No standing army in peace time • No taxation without Parliament approval • No excessive bail nor cruel and unusual punishment • Right to trial by jury, due process of law, and reasonable bail • Right to bear arms (only for Protestants) • Free elections • People had right of petition

Hobbes vs. Locke ▪ Hobbes’ Social Contract (1651) ▪ Humans are born self-interested, wicked… ▪ Life in state of nature is “nasty, brutish, and short” ▪ w/o gov. to keep order = chaos ▪ Social Contract: People agree to give up absolute freedom to a strong (absolute) ruler, in exchange they get law & order ▪ Hobbes: Leviathan (1660), absolute monarchy necessary to protect us from ourselves ▪ Locke’s Social Contract (1690) ▪ People are born w/ a clean slate “tabula rasa” & are shaped by experiences ▪ We have God-given natural rights (life, liberty, property) ▪ Purpose of gov. is to protect our rights, if they fail to do this, people have the right to rebel ▪ Gov. power comes from the people (democracy)

Toleration Act, 1689 Act of Union, 1707 • Right to worship for Protestant non-conformers, but could not hold office • United Scotland England into Great Britain Act of Settlement, 1701 • • If William or sister-in-law Anne died without heirs, throne passes to Protestant heirs Anne died in 1714, Hanoverian heir assumed throne as George I (17141727) Robert Walpole, PM 1721 -1742 • Viewed as first Prime Minister, member of majority party in Parliament and leader of government

The Scientific Revolution 16 th-17 th century Society and Culture

Causes: • Medieval universities • Renaissance and Humanist movement • Age of exploration created need for scientific advances • Scientific method • Scientific Method becomes major cause of new world view of 17 th-18 th centuries – secularism

Astronomy: 16 th century Copernicus (1473 -1543) • Heliocentric view: • Condemned by Luther, Calvin, and the Catholic Church Ptolemaic View Copernican View Tycho Brahe (1546 -1601) • Built the best observatory in Europe and collected massive data on his observations of the cosmos Johannes Kepler (15711630) • Mathematically proved Copernican theory • Developed three laws of planetary motion:

Astronomy: 17 th century Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) • • Developed the laws of motion Validated Copernicus’ heliocentric view with a telescope Galileo shows the Doge of Venice how to use the telescope (fresco) Isaac Newton (16421727) Principia, 1687 • Principle of universal gravitation • Every body in the universe attracts every other body in a precise mathematical relationship • Natural laws are unchangeable and predictable, thus God is not needed to explain forces of nature • Foundation of deism Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition, 1857

The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561 -1626) • Formalized empiricism • Inductive method for scientific experimentation Descartes Rule of Signs says that the number of positive real roots of a polynomial is bounded by the number of changes of sign in its coefficients. Rene Descartes (1596 -1650) • Deductive reasoning • “I think; therefore, I am. ”

Anatomy, physiology, and biology Paracelsus (1493 -1541) • Believed medical issues were chemical imbalances rather than humoral imbalances Vesalius (1516 -1564) • The Structure of the Human Body (1543) • renewed and modernized study of human anatomy

Royal scientific societies • Governments/monarchs encouraged scientific inquiry as a means to further the prestige of the state and remain at the cutting edge of technology • The Royal Society in England was the most prestigious (1660) • Others in Naples, France (Louis XIV), Prussia (Frederick I), and Russia (Peter the Great)

Impact on Society • • • Led to the Enlightenment Improved exploration Accelerated the agricultural revolution Improved quality of life Discredited superstition and witchcraft as fallacies

Witch Hunts 70, 000 -100, 000 people killed between 1400 -1700 Causes • Popular belief in magic • Catholic Church used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas • Women seen as “weaker vessels” and prone to temptation (Malleus Maleficarum, 1486) • Religious wars and divisions created panic and scapegoat environment End of Witch Hunts • • The Scientific Revolution Advances in medicine Protestant Reformation emphasized God as only spiritual force in the universe literature

Mannerist Literature Michel de Montaigne (15331592) • French humanist philosopher; developed modern skepticism – Question, don’t accept – “what do I know? ” (nothing) Miguel de Cervantes (15471616) • Spanish writer during Age of Decline • Don Quixote (1605) – Nobility’s ill attempts at chivalry, similar to fall of Spain

Shakespeare (1564 -1616) • Greatest writer in English history • Theater, comedies, tragedies, histories • Average people could understand – Wrote in vernacular

Rococo Art, ca. 1720 -1760 • “late Baroque” • Painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design and decorative arts • Replaced by Neoclassical Diana Leaving genre late 18 th C. the Bath, Boucher, 1742 Fragonard, The Swing, 1767