Period 2 Mediterranean Organization and Reorganization of Mediterranean

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Period 2 Mediterranean: Organization and Reorganization of Mediterranean And Middle Eastern Classical civilizations

Period 2 Mediterranean: Organization and Reorganization of Mediterranean And Middle Eastern Classical civilizations

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • How do new institutions (social, political, and cultural) increase in complexity

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • How do new institutions (social, political, and cultural) increase in complexity during the classical era? • How are religious and philosophical systems shaping the Mediterranean? • What factors lead to the rise and decline of the Mediterranean civ. ? • Describe internal and external challenges facing each civilization/ empire.

Think Sheet : • “Persia”, as a region, should be mentally compared to this

Think Sheet : • “Persia”, as a region, should be mentally compared to this country today: _______________. • Why is the study of Persia and its traditions important to your life today? • Which came first: Persia or Roman Empire? • What do you know about Rome/ Greece? • What question do you want to ask about this topic?

Persia - 800 -400 BCE Modern Day: Iran

Persia - 800 -400 BCE Modern Day: Iran

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE: A NEW PERSPECTIVE IN THE MIDDLE EAST Cyrus the Great, 550

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE: A NEW PERSPECTIVE IN THE MIDDLE EAST Cyrus the Great, 550 B. C. E. – Builds world’s largest Empire at the time -Persia Ø Political Structures/ State Building: --successor to Mesopotamian city-states. – Political Style - Centralized with local rule – Guiding Beliefs: Tolerance for other cultures

Political Structures and State. Building Bureaucracy and Infrastructure: • Bureaucracy: Impressive!: • Large, complicated

Political Structures and State. Building Bureaucracy and Infrastructure: • Bureaucracy: Impressive!: • Large, complicated bureaucracy • Included mostly military nobles, NOT a merit system like China • Taxed and enforced laws • Relied on spies, not loyalty Infrastructure: • Roads link eastern and western regions. • Royal Road had inns, for travelers. • Promotion of trade and promises to enforce laws. • First modern “Postal system”

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE: CULTURE Society– Military aristocracy Religion-Zoroastrianism Persian Religion - NOT MUSLIMS!!!! –

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE: CULTURE Society– Military aristocracy Religion-Zoroastrianism Persian Religion - NOT MUSLIMS!!!! – Individual salvation Battle of Good v. Evil – Last Judgement - Eternal Fate decided by life choices Religion moves from – Influences Judaism, polytheistic to Christianity, and Islam monotheistic. that will also be in this area.

What is the big deal with Persian Empire? üSuccessful warriors of their time. üEstablishing

What is the big deal with Persian Empire? üSuccessful warriors of their time. üEstablishing massive wealth and cultural impact üFailed invasion of Greece. üArt and culture impacted Europe üMajor unified era of the classical era Example of art: This is called a “relief”, with figures carved into stone. Notice the Zoroastrian symbol. Art heavily focused on political leaders and god.

Think Sheet COMPARE/ CONTRAST How is Persian empire similar to Chinese empire in terms

Think Sheet COMPARE/ CONTRAST How is Persian empire similar to Chinese empire in terms of government institutions? How is it different?

2. Greek City-States • When you think of classical Greek society, what comes to

2. Greek City-States • When you think of classical Greek society, what comes to mind?

Greek City-States set pattern and development of later states such as Rome, Africa, Europe,

Greek City-States set pattern and development of later states such as Rome, Africa, Europe, And the United States

State Building and Political Structures How would geography of Greece encourage formation of citystates

State Building and Political Structures How would geography of Greece encourage formation of citystates as opposed to central rule? Ø City-State - (Like India) –The Polis – a general term for each citystate, it means “the government”…. (see connection to the word, “politics”? ) – Examples of stronger states: Athens, Sparta – Common culture, religion, and language Rivalries between city-states- Un-united! Ex. Peloponnesian Wars 400 s BCE - Athens v. Sparta - leaves both weak, exhausted and vulnerable. . 300 s BCE - Enter - Macedonians from North. . .

www. padlet. com/hubert 0807/apgen eral Think Sheet • Name a few of Alexander the

www. padlet. com/hubert 0807/apgen eral Think Sheet • Name a few of Alexander the Great’s accomplishments. • What happened to Greece after being conquered by Alexander?

Greek Political Ideas Democracy This is an exception, not the rule. MOST Mediterranean empires

Greek Political Ideas Democracy This is an exception, not the rule. MOST Mediterranean empires had aristocratic councils. Athens– Greek city-state Pericles – famous Greek aristocrat, encouraging organizing through wisdom, education, participation, civic virtue practiced direct democracy, or direct voting by all citizens on laws, govt appointments, and war. • Future government look to democratic example.

Greek Colonies: Expansion! This is political AND economic

Greek Colonies: Expansion! This is political AND economic

Expansion of Greece: Alexander the Great Macedonian prince and famous military general: ü First

Expansion of Greece: Alexander the Great Macedonian prince and famous military general: ü First defeats other weakened Greek city-states üLeads conquest of Persian empire and expansion of Macedonia/ Greece üIntroduces Greek culture to Persia, brings Persian culture to Greece üHellenism – the blending of Greek and Persian culture.

Is history true or false? OR… is history a story told through a personal

Is history true or false? OR… is history a story told through a personal lens?

Perspective: The beliefs and experiences that shape a person’s interpretation of events.

Perspective: The beliefs and experiences that shape a person’s interpretation of events.

Alexander’s fall: What happened to the Greek empire? • Sudden death after night of

Alexander’s fall: What happened to the Greek empire? • Sudden death after night of drunken excess • Newly centralized state left without strong leadership • Will decline and then fall to expanding Roman empire.

Partner or Rows: Greek Culture • Using Your Chapter, Pages 92 -95 • Identify

Partner or Rows: Greek Culture • Using Your Chapter, Pages 92 -95 • Identify Key Cultural Contributions of Greece. • Write these contributions down on the back of your Greek City-States Note Sheet. • We will see how you do after 20 minutes. • Formative Check at the end of class.

Greek Culture and Knowledge: Foundational Religion: üPantheon of Gods/ Goddesses – gods that dwell

Greek Culture and Knowledge: Foundational Religion: üPantheon of Gods/ Goddesses – gods that dwell on earth with humans and explain human behavior (not spiritual). Center of govt rituals and festivals Intellectual Achievements üKnowledge = HUGE! üPhilosophers üAristotle = use human reason and observation for knowledge üSocrates = skeptic (question your knowledge) üEuclid/ Pythagorus – geometry üSophocles = famous writer of tragic dramas üHomer = author, Iliad , the Odyssey

Greek Culture and Knowledge: Foundational üArchitecture = columns, symmetry Romans, known for great architecture,

Greek Culture and Knowledge: Foundational üArchitecture = columns, symmetry Romans, known for great architecture, borrowing Greek form and adding more elements.

Greek Culture and Knowledge: Foundational Borrowing from Phoenician alphabet, ü Development of Greek letters.

Greek Culture and Knowledge: Foundational Borrowing from Phoenician alphabet, ü Development of Greek letters. Olympics

Organization of societies: • Organization of China is done by ___________________. • Organization of

Organization of societies: • Organization of China is done by ___________________. • Organization of India is accomplished through _________________. • Organization of Greece is through _______________. • Organization of Rome will be through __________________.

Think Sheet • “In a democratic society, all are complicit, some are responsible. ”

Think Sheet • “In a democratic society, all are complicit, some are responsible. ” does that mean? • How does this relate to Athens? What

4 Shi Huangdi Columns 2 Persia Greek Gods Zoroastrianism Cyrus the Pelopponesian Monotheism Great

4 Shi Huangdi Columns 2 Persia Greek Gods Zoroastrianism Cyrus the Pelopponesian Monotheism Great War Alexander the Great Local rule Sparta Hellenism Royal road Slaves Ballista Bureaucracy Olympics Knees Babylon Homer Mr. Govier monkey Angelina Jolie 5 3 Centralization Darius Democracy Postal system Mediterranean Sea City-states Phoenicians Classical Period Colonies Organization and Reorganization Watermelon of Societies Snickers Bar 600 BCE – 600 CE Jack Black Pericles Mr. Incredible Sophocles 1

Check for Understanding…. . 1. Put these three Mediterranean empires in chronological order for

Check for Understanding…. . 1. Put these three Mediterranean empires in chronological order for peak of power: Rome, Greece, Persia 2. What term do we use to describe political structure of Greece? 3. Name one unique feature of Persian govt. 4. Which city-state used direct democracy? 5. What did Aristotle contribute to Greek culture? (or his “profession? ”)

3. Roman History Is the Roman empire a “fluke”? What gives Rome the freedom

3. Roman History Is the Roman empire a “fluke”? What gives Rome the freedom to expand grow was the destruction of the Greek City-States and power vacuum after the collapse of Alexander’s empire. What if Alexander had lived? Would Rome have risen and were would we be now? • From a small monarchy to major empire: – Growing kingdom, Rome transitions to Republic – Ruling Aristocracy— rule by the “best”, land-owners, wealthy families tied to Rome through several generations. – Big Picture Story: Rome grows in power, gaining land, wealth and transitions to an EMPIRE with a dictator, first century CE. – The Story of Rome absorbs Greek Culture and Knowledge, but transitions from “thinking” to “doing”. – Romans BUILD, literally and metaphorically speaking.

Roman Political Institutions Phase 1: Roman Republic 400 BCE – c. 17 CE Republic

Roman Political Institutions Phase 1: Roman Republic 400 BCE – c. 17 CE Republic means NOT every citizen votes. Aristocratic Rule – Ruled by the Senate Citizens votes for representatives who then vote for them in a legislative body. (USA!!) – Senate = aristocrats! - upper classes ONLY – Consuls - Executive Power in 2 people elected by Senate – Roman Law Code - Twelve Tables 450 BCE Birth of Western style - Rule of Law – Disputes, judgments are not by people’s opinions, by a body of law that resides above men. – Addressed rules, procedures for patricians (aristocrats) and plebians (commoners)

Roman Law https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Twelve_Tables Est. Rights for Plebians Roman Citizenship was a

Roman Law https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Twelve_Tables Est. Rights for Plebians Roman Citizenship was a big deal to those living in Roman society. To have citizenship, you had automatic protection and the court system to protect you. People living in conquered territory wanted citizenship for the legal status that provided them with o Plebians are protected from abuse of power by patricians. o Why would patricians agree to limits on power? o Why would a king agree to limit his power? o What power to the common people of Rome have?

Roman Political Institutions Citizenship: Granted to Roman people and conquered non-Romans Valued Provided legal

Roman Political Institutions Citizenship: Granted to Roman people and conquered non-Romans Valued Provided legal protections and privileges Public Speaking/ Debate: Romans valued public speaking, debate, and the topic of government itself. Forum: Public gathering place used to debate govt topics Cicero: Famous senator, known for speeches an political theory