Perhitungan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan Peternakan dan

Perhitungan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan Peternakan dan Contoh Perhitungan Dr. Idat Galih Permana, MSc. Fakultas Peternakan IPB Email: permana@ipb. ac. id Telp. 081380263993 Peningkatan Kapasitas - Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Penggunaan Lainnya Bogor, 22 -24 April 2013

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian Source: IPCC (2006)

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian o o o Rice Cultivation (CH 4) Cropland Burning (CO 2, CH 4 , N 2 O) Liming (CO 2) Urea Fertilizer (CO 2) N 2 O Emission from Managed Soil (N 2 O) Direct N 2 O Soil n Indirect N 2 O Soil n o Livestock Enteric Fermentation (CH 4 ) n Manure Management (CH 4 and N 2 O) n

Jenis Ternak o Ruminansia: sapi (sapi perah, sapi potong), kerbau, domba dan kambing o Non Ruminansia (Pseudoruminant): kuda o Unggas: ayam (broiler, petelur, ayam buras), itik, puyuh dll o Monogastrik lainnya: babi

Populasi Ternak Nasional Populasi Ternak di Indonesia (2000 -2011) 20, 000 18, 000 Popilasi (x 1000 ekor) 16, 000 14, 000 Sapi Potong 12, 000 Sapi Perah 10, 000 Kerbau Kuda 8, 000 Kambing 6, 000 Domba 4, 000 Babi 2, 000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Tahun

Populasi Ternak Nasional Jenis Ternak 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sapi Potong 11, 008 11, 137 11, 298 10, 504 10, 533 10, 569 10, 875 11, 515 12, 257 12, 760 13, 582 14, 824 Sapi Perah Kerbau Kuda Kambing 354 347 358 374 361 369 374 458 475 488 597 2, 405 2, 333 2, 403 2, 459 2, 403 2, 128 2, 167 2, 086 1, 931 1, 933 2, 000 1, 305 412 422 419 413 397 387 398 401 393 399 416 12, 566 12, 464 12, 549 12, 722 12, 781 13, 409 13, 790 14, 470 15, 147 15, 815 16, 620 17, 483 Domba 7, 427 7, 401 7, 641 7, 811 8, 075 8, 327 8, 980 9, 514 9, 605 10, 199 10, 725 11, 372 Babi 5, 357 5, 369 5, 927 6, 151 5, 980 6, 801 6, 218 6, 711 6, 338 6, 975 7, 477 7, 758

Distribusi Emisi Methan berdasarkan dari Sektor Pertanian berdasarkan Sumbernya 15. 5% 2. 0% Enteric Fermentation 43. 9% 38. 7% Manure Management Cropland Burning Rice Cultivation

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Fementasi Enterik berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

Emisi GRK dari Peternakan o Enteric Fermentation n o Methan (CH 4) Manure Management Methan (CH 4) n Direct N 2 O n Indirect N 2 O n CH 4

Enteric Fermentation o Ternak ruminansia (sapi potong, sapi perah, kerbau, domba, kambing), kuda, babi menghasilkan methan. o Gas yang dihasilkan ternak ruminansia adalah CO 2, CH 4, H 2 S, H 2 O o Methan dihasilkan dari proses methanogenesis di dalam rumen dengan bantuan bakteri methanogen. o CO 2 + 4 H 2 ==> CH 4 + 2 H 2 O

Manure Management o Methan: n Dihasilkan dari proses penanganan manure (manure management) pada semua jenis ternak (sapi perah, sapi potong, kerbau, domba, kambing, babi, itik, ayam ras, ayam kampung, ayam petelur) secara anaerobik n Penanganan secara liquid lebih memungkinkan terjadinya methanogenesis dibandingkan penanganan secara solid. CH 4

Manure Management o Direct N 2 O n Dihasilkan dari proses kombinasi nitrifikasi dan detrifikasi N dari manur selama dalam penyimpanan. n Proses nitrifikasi adalah perubahan N-ammonia menjadi N-nitrat dalam kondisi oksigen yang cukup. o Indirect N 2 O n Dihasilkan dari N-volatile seperti NH 3 atau NOx N 2 O N 2 O

Faktor Emisi pada ternak tergantung dari berbagai hal: q. Jenis dan Bangsa Ternak q Berat Badan, Umur q Produksi Susu/Kerja q Status reproduksi q Kualitas Pakan q Sistem Pemberian Pakan q Sistem Pemeliharaan q Sistem Pengelolaan Kotoran

IPCC Guideline o 2006 IPCC Guideline for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory o Vol 4 – Agriculture o Chapter 10 – Emission from Lovestock and Manure Management o Dilengkapi Worksheet untuk inventory

IPCC Worksheet o 3 A 1 Enteric Fermentation o 3 A 2 Manure Management o 3 C 4 Direct N 2 O Soils o 3 C 5 Indirect N 2 O Soils o 3 C 6 Indirect N 2 O Manure

ALU Tool Software o Digunakan untuk inventory GRK pada sektor peternakan dan Land Use. o Dikembangkan oleh Colorado State University o http: //www. nrel. colostate. edu/ projects/ghgtool/index. php

2006 IPCC Software o Digunakan untuk inventory GRK untuk berbagai sektor. o Dikembangkan oleh WMO-UNEP

Choise of Method o TIER 1: BASIC CHARACTERISATION FOR LIVESTOCK POPULATION o TIER 2: ENHANCED CHARACTERISATION FOR LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS n Definitions for livestock subcategories; n Livestock population by subcategory, with consideration for estimation of annual population as per Tier 1; n Feed intake estimates for the typical animal in each subcategory. o TIER 3: FOR COUNTRY-SPECIFIC

Emisi Methan dari Fermentasi Enterik

Perhitungan Emisi Methan o Step 1: Populasi Ternak o Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE) Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki EF untuk peternakan. n Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006) n o Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi

STEP 1: Animal Population q q q Misalnya: Ayam broiler umumnya dipelihara selama 60 hari. Jika produksi broiler di suatu provinsi 1. 000 ekor/tahun, maka rataan populasi per tahun: AAP = 60 x (1. 000/365) = 164. 383 ekor/tahun Populasi ternak disesuaikan dengan Struktur Populasi (Dewasa 1 ST, Muda 0. 5 ST, Anak 0. 25 ST)

STEP 2: Faktor Emisi

Faktor Emisi Fermentasi Enterik No Species Type Enteric Fermentation (kg/head/year) 1 Beef Cattle 47 2 Dairy Cattle 68 3 Bufallo 55 4 Sheep 5 5 Goat 5 6 Pig 1 7 Horse 18 8 Local Chicken - 9 Broiler - 10 Layer - 11 Duck - IPCC (2006) Table 10. 10 & Table 10. 11

STEP 3: Total Emisi q Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia adalah 14, 8 juta, maka total emisi methan adalah: q Emisi CH 4 dari fermentasi enterik = 47 x (14. 800. 000/1. 000) = 698. 6 Gg CH 4/tahun

Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur

Perhitungan Emisi Methan o Step 1: Populasi Ternak o Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE) Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki EF untuk peternakan. n Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006) n o Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi

STEP 2: Total Emisi IPCC (2006) Table 10. 14

STEP 2: Total Emisi IPCC (2006) Table 10. 15

Faktor Emisi Manajemen Manure No Species Type Manure Management (kg/head/year) 1 Beef Cattle 1 2 Dairy Cattle 31 3 Bufallo 2 4 Sheep 0. 20 5 Goat 0. 22 6 Pig 7 Horse 2. 19 8 Local Chicken 0. 02 9 Broiler 0. 02 10 Layer 0. 02 11 Duck 0. 02 7 IPCC (2006) Table 10. 14 & Table 10. 15

STEP 3: Total Emisi q Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia adalah 4, 8 juta, maka total emisi methan dari manajemen manur adalah: q Emisi CH 4 dari manajemen manur = (1 x 14. 800. 000)/1. 000 = 14. 8 Gg CH 4/tahun

Total Emisi Methan dari Sapi Potong 14. 8 Gg (2%) 698. 6 Gg (98%) Fermentasi Enterik Manajemen Manur

Emisi N 2 O dari Manajemen Manur

Definition of Manure Management System Definition Pasture/Range/Paddock The manure from pasture and range grazing animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not managed. Daily spread Manure is routinely removed from a confinement facility and is applied to cropland or pasture within 24 hours of excretion. Solid storage The storage of manure, typically for a period of several months, in unconfined piles or stacks. Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence of a sufficient amount of bedding material or loss of moisture by evaporation. Dry lot A paved or unpaved open confinement area without any significant vegetative cover where accumulating manure may be removed periodically

Definition of Manure Management System Definition Liquid/Slurry Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds outside the animal housing, usually for periods less than one year. Uncovered anaerobic lagoon A type of liquid storage system designed and operated to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the associated confinement facilities to the lagoon. Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and other operational factors. The water from the lagoon may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate and fertilise fields. Pit storage below animal confinements Collection and storage of manure usually with little or no added water typically below a slatted floor in an enclosed animal confinement facility, usually for periods less than one year.

Definition of Manure Management System Definition Anaerobic digester Animal excreta with or without straw are collected anaerobically digested in a large containment vessel or covered lagoon. Digesters are designed and operated for waste stabilization by the microbial reduction of complex organic compounds to CO 2 and CH 4, which is captured and flared or used as a fuel Burned for fuel The dung and urine are excreted on fields. The sun dried dung cakes are burned for fuel. Cattle and Swine deep bedding As manure accumulates, bedding is continually added to absorb moisture over a production cycle and possibly for as long as 6 to 12 months. This manure management system also is known as a bedded pack manure management system and may be combined with a dry lot or pasture. Composting - invessel Composting, typically in an enclosed channel, with forced aeration and continuous mixing. Composting - Static pile Composting in piles with forced aeration but no mixing.

Definition of Manure Management System Definition Composting - Intensive windrow Composting in windrows with regular (at least daily) turning for mixing and aeration. Composting - Passive windrow Composting in windrows with infrequent turning for mixing and aeration. Poultry manure with litter Similar to cattle and swine deep bedding except usually not combined with a dry lot or pasture. Typically used for all poultry breeder flocks and for the production of meat type chickens (broilers) and other fowl. Poultry manure without litter May be similar to open pits in enclosed animal confinement facilities or may be designed and operated to dry the manure as it accumulates. The latter is known as a highrise manure management system and is a form of passive windrow composting when designed and operated Properly Aerobic treatment The biological oxidation of manure collected as a liquid with either forced or natural aeration. Natural aeration is limited to aerobic and facultative ponds and wetland systems and is due primarily to photosynthesis. Hence, these systems typically become anoxic during periods without sunlight.

Emisi N 2 O dari Manur o Direct N 2 O n Dihasilkan dari proses kombinasi nitrifikasi dan detrifikasi N dari manur selama dalam penyimpanan. n Proses nitrifikasi adalah perubahan N-NH 3 menjadi Nnitrat dalam kondisi oksigen yang cukup. o Indirect N 2 O n Dihasilkan dari N-volatile menjadi NH 3 atau NOx. N organic yang mudah menjadi volatil adalah urea dan ureic acid N 2 O N 2 O

DIRECT N 2 O EMISSION

Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate) IPCC (2006) Table 10. 19

Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate) No Species Type N Exreation Rate (kg N/1000 kg mass/day) 1 Beef Cattle 0. 34 2 Dairy Cattle 0. 47 3 Bufallo 0. 32 4 Sheep 1. 17 5 Goat 1. 37 6 Swine 0. 50 7 Horse 0. 46 8 Local Chicken 0. 82 9 Broiler 1. 10 10 Layer 0. 82 11 Duck 0. 83 IPCC (2006) Table 10. 19

Typical Animal Mass of Livestock Category (TAM) No Species Type Typical Animal Mass of Livestock Category 1 Beef Cattle 350 2 Dairy Cattle 319 3 Bufallo 330 4 Sheep 28 5 Goat 30 6 Swine 28 7 Horse 238 8 Local Chicken 0. 9 9 Broiler 1. 2 10 Layer 1. 8 11 Duck 1. 5 IPCC (2006) Table 10. A 4 – 10. A. 9

Annual Nitrogen Exretion per Species Nex (N kg/animal/year) o Banyaknya N yang diekresikan seekor ternak per tahun. n Tergantung pada exretion N dan animal body mass o Nex = Nrate x TAM x 365 / 1000 (N kg/animal/year)

Total Nitrogen Excretion for the MMS (NEMMS) o Banyaknya N yang diekresikan oleh seluruh populasi ternak per tahun. o NEMMS = T x Nex x MS (N kg/jenis ternak/year)

Total Nitrogen Excretion for the MMS (NEMMS) o NEMMS = ex = Nrate x TAM x 365 / 1000 o N kg/animal/year

Faktor Emisi untuk Direct N 2 O No Species Type Emission Factor for Direct N 2 O 1 Beef Cattle 0. 02 2 Dairy Cattle 0. 02 3 Bufallo 0. 02 4 Sheep 0. 02 5 Goat 0. 02 6 Swine 0. 02 7 Horse 0. 02 8 Local Chicken 0. 001 9 Broiler 0. 001 10 Layer 0. 001 11 Duck 0. 001 IPCC (2006) Table 10. 21

Annual Direct N 2 O Emission from Manure Management o N 2 O emission = NEMMS x EF x 44/28 n (kg N 2 O per year) n 44/28 is conversion (N 2 O-N) to (N 2 O)

INDIRECT N 2 O EMISSION

Fraction of managed livestock manure nitrogen that volatilises o Fraksi N yang volatil untuk setiap jenis ternak dan manajemen manur IPCC (2006) Table 10. 22

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