Performance Charts Definition of Performance Expected values that

Performance Charts

Definition of Performance • Expected values that the pilot can anticipate: • Fuel Burn • Climb Rates • Landing and Takeoff Calculations © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Performance Section of POH • Always Section 5 of the POH • GLENPWAS: • • General Limitations Emergency Procedures Normal Procedures Performance Weight and Balance Aircraft Systems Supplements © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Assumptions • Certain assumptions are made with the POH Performance Section: • Pilot performs tasks correctly • Good engine – brand new airplane • Test pilot © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Interpretation • Pilots must know how to interpret the charts • Otherwise they are useless • Liability for those that do not follow the charts © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Formats – Table (Cessna Style) • The table format is designed to be fast and accurate • Cessna and Beechcraft are big into the table style • Pilots must read and understand ALL notes • Notes for things such as Grass Runways, Wet Runways, Flap Conditions, etc. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Socrative Question 1: • Given the following table for the Cessna 172, compute: • Takeoff distance for Montgomery Field • Takeoff distance for a Dry, Grass Runway • Takeoff runway 28 R with 9 knots of Headwind • 20 Degrees Celsius • 2000 feet Pressure Altitude © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Interpolation • The pilot’s way of averaging • Used more in the Table format than the Graph format • Take the two numbers and divide by two • Could be interpolating multiple times on a chart • Take the Cessna chart for example: • 15 degrees Celsius • 1500 foot Pressure Altitude © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Extrapolation • It’s possible that the test pilot did not fly all of the values that are possible for the given airplane • For that case, we can follow the line, or make a general guess to what the values are based on their indicated trend • Example: • Piper based in Vero Beach, Florida • Some fly in Alaska at high altitudes • Density altitude may not be possible for 10, 000 feet © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Cautions on Extrapolation • Remember that nothing is a “given” when you extrapolate • If you decide to continue these values, you assume the responsibility and risk if something were to go wrong • Best practice: Don’t go if it is not in the performance section © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Graph Format • Familiarity with Piper • Designed to be more beneficial for multiple situations • Pilot can input a variety of factors • Notes still must be read, but fewer than in the Table format © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Socrative Question 2: • Given the following table for the Piper Warrior, compute: • Takeoff distance for Montgomery Field • Takeoff runway 28 R with 9 knots of Headwind • 20 Degrees Celsius • 2000 feet Pressure Altitude © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

So What Gives? • We Care about all charts for the Archer • So let’s go through them one by one with situations that you would use each chart © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -1 Temperature Conversion • Why use it? • When to use it © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -3 Airspeed Calibration • Why use it? • CAS is one of the primary reference points, as it describes the dynamic pressure acting on aircraft surfaces regardless of the existing conditions of temperature, pressure altitude or wind • CAS is an Intermediate step for TAS • When to use it • Before every flight © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -5 Stall Speeds • Why use it? • When to use it • Before every flight © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -7 Flaps Up Takeoff Performance • Why use it? • When to use it • Prior to normal takeoff with an obstacle © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -9 25 Degrees Flaps Takeoff Performance • Why use it? • When to use it • Prior to short field takeoff © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -11 Takeoff Performance • Why use it? • When to use it • Prior to normal takeoff © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -13 25 Degrees Flaps Takeoff Performance • Why use it? • When to use it • Prior to takeoff with 25 degrees flaps but no obstacle © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -15 Climb Performance • Why use it? • Determine your climb rate prior to flight • When to use it • Prior to each flight to “feel” how far you are from the charts described values © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -17 Time, Distance and Fuel to Climb • Why use it? • When to use it • Prior to each flight to determine distance to climb • Obstacle and Terrain Clearance • Airspace Clearance (Do you need to circle? ) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -19 Engine Performance • Why use it? • Determine Cruise fuel flow • Determine RPM • When to use it © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -21 Speed Power Performance Cruise • Why use it? • Determine True Airspeed • When to use it • How are you leaning the Mixture? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -23 Speed Power Economy Cruise • Why use it? • Determine True Airspeed • When to use it • How are you leaning the Mixture? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -25 Range – Best Power • Why use it? • Determine Maximum Range • When to use it • How are you leaning the Mixture? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -27 Range – Best Economy • Why use it? • Determine Maximum Range • When to use it • How are you leaning the Mixture? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -29 Range – Endurance • Why use it? • Determine how long you can Fly • When to use it • How are you leaning the Mixture? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -31 Time, Fuel, Distance to Descend • Why use it? • Determine when to begin descent • The meatball rule for higher altitudes • When to use it • Note: 122 KIAS descent © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -33 Glide Range • Why use it? • Every flight! • When to use it • Note: Max. Weight © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -35 Landing Performance • Why use it? • When to use it • Over 50 foot barrier © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5 -37 Landing Ground Roll • Why use it? • When to use it • Normal Landing © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Factors that Affect Performance • Weight • Wings Generate Lift • Energy used for lift can’t be used for other things (engine power) • Wind • Help or Hinder • Why do we takeoff into the wind? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Factors that Affect Performance (cont. ) • Density Altitude • High, Hot & Humid – Reduce Performance • Engine Performance lowered • Engine must take in a larger volume of air • Wings and Propeller as well • Lower Air Density reduces drag • Pressure Altitude • Only used as an intermediate calculation © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Takeoff and Landing Performance • Weight • Affects ability to generate lift • Affects ability to brake • Wind • Creates drag – induced drag creates lift • Runway Conditions • Snowy / Icy reduces braking • Hydroplaning • Snow / Slush may create more drag © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Takeoff and Landing Performance (cont. ) • Runway Surface • Asphalt • Grass • Dirt • Runway Gradient • Upslope increases takeoff • Downslope decreases takeoff • Opposite affect on landing © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Climb Performance • VX – Best Angle of Climb • Used to clear obstacles • Most Altitude over Distance • Normally increases slightly with altitude © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Climb Performance (cont. ) • VY – Best Rate of Climb • Used for normal climb • Maximum increase of altitude over time • Normally decreases slightly with altitude © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Climb Performance (cont. ) • Service Ceiling – Airplane only climbs 100 foot per minute • ATC – Climb Requirements • Absolute Ceiling – The Airplane will no longer climb Sample V X Meeting V Y 78 73 68 63 58 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Vx 8000 9000 Vy © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000

Climb Performance (cont. ) • When to use VX • Clearing an Obstacle • When to use VY • Normal Climb © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Climb Performance (cont. ) • When to use VX • Clearing an Obstacle • When to use VY • Normal Climb © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

References • Jeppesen Private Pilot Guided Flight Manual • Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge • Piper Archer II POH • Cessna 172 POH • Piper Cherokee Warrior POH © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.