Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for

Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Satish Kumar 1, Saket Sarraf 2, Sanjay Seth 3, Sameer Pandita 3, Archana Walia 4, Madhav Kamath 1 and Aalok Deshmukh 1 1 International Resources Group, New Delhi, India 2 ps Collective, Ahmedabad, India 3 Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi, India 4 United States Agency for International Development, New Delhi, India Presented by: Aalok A. Deshmukh Manager: Energy Efficiency Solutions USAID ECO-III Project International Resources Group Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Outline » Background » Motivation » Macro Level Analysis – Office, Hospital, Hotels » Regression Analysis » Benchmarking » Rating » Limitations » Future Steps Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Why Buildings? Breakdown of Electricity Consumption in India Buildings 29% Others 7% Agriculture 18% Industry 46% Source: CEA 2009 Building sector accounts for 29% of total electricity consumption in India Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Commercial Electricity Consumption SECTOR- WISE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA (2007 - 2008) Railway, 2% Public Lighting, 1% Agriculture, 18% Public Water Works & Sewage Pumping, 2% Miscellaneous, 2% Industry, 46% Source: CEA 2009 Residential, 21% Commercial, 8% Commercial sector accounts for 8% of total electricity consumption in India Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Growth of Electricity Consumption in Commercial Sector in India 46685 50000 GWh 40000 35965 28201 31381 20000 11. 3 10000 40220 14. 6 11. 8 16. 1 0 2003 -04 2004 -05 2005 -06 2006 -07 2007 -08 Growth in % over the previous year Commercial building sector electricity consumption growing at 12 -14% annually on average SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority (2009). Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Electricity Scenario in India Linear Projection Source: Central Electricity Authority General Review 2006 & 2009 and Planning Commission’s Integrated Energy Policy Report 2006 Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Commercial Floor Space Projection for India 2500 2000 1, 932 1, 822 1, 720 1, 624 1, 450 1, 372 1, 298 1, 228 1, 163 1, 102 1, 044 940 892 847 805 765 728 692 500 659 40 37 35 33 48 45 42 57 54 51 990 1000 65 61 74 69 84 79 96 90 1, 534 1500 Total Commercial Floor Space (Estimated) (M. sq. m. ) Source: USAID ECO- III Project 2030 2029 2028 2027 2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 0 2010 Million sq. m. 109 102 Floor Space Added Annually (Estimated) (M. sq. m. ) * Assuming 5 -6% Annual Growth Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Growth in the Indian Building Sector Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast » Currently, ~ 659 million m 2 (USAID ECO-III Internal Estimate Using MOSPI, CEA and Benchmarked Energy Use data) » In 2030, ~ 1, 900 million m 2 (estimated) * • 66% building stock is yet to be constructed 659 million m 2 Current 34% 30% Yet to be 70% Built 66% Yet to be built 1, 900 million m 2 Year: 2010 * Assuming 5 -6% Annual Growth Year: 2030 Source: USAID ECO- III Project Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Green Building / EE Instruments in India » Green building / EE instruments in India: • Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED India) • Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) » All based on design intent rather than actual, verified performance » Not designed to rate energy performance through a systematic evaluation and award scheme » Do not provide defendable energy consumption targets for new buildings, based on contextual data Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Challenges » Little or no reliable data available in public domain – on actual energy consumption in different types of commercial buildings » No systematic data collection and analysis of building energy data » Limited scope to compare individual building performance against peers » Limited understanding about what are the significant parameters influencing the energy consumption in a building » Limited understanding on the role of energy efficiency professionals, statisticians, public and private sector organizations (data providers) Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

What is Energy Benchmarking ? » Energy Benchmarking is a relatively simple, low-cost method for evaluating a buildings energy performance • Initial cost/effort of designing the program and collecting and analyzing data may seem high but it can pay big time in the long run » Benchmarks are commonly used in other industries • Autos – km/liter • Industrial Output – k. Wh/unit produced » Building Level Benchmarks: k. Wh/m 2/Year, k. Wh/person/year, etc. » System Level Benchmarks: Watts/m 2, etc. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benefits of Benchmarking » Designers, Owners and Users • Designers/ESCOs – Building performance targets for new and existing buildings • Owners/Users – Measure the performance of their buildings • Building portfolio managers can compare the performance of individual facilities to others » Building Developers and operators • Helps to assess the potential savings • Use of appropriate products and technologies » Policy Makers • Reward/Incentivize exemplary building performance and penalize /discourage poor building performance • Starting Point for Energy Audits and Building Retrofits Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benefits of Benchmarking – Indian Context » Introduce Sanity in Building Energy Audit Process • No need to start with “Investment Grade Audits” • Help in developing a graduated response to building performance issues » Provide a Framework for Meeting ECBC Related Stipulations in the EC Act • Help in quantifying energy savings from ECBC » Can be Used to Provide Performance Briefs to Design Teams • System-Level Benchmarking Needed » Can be Used as the Basis for Existing Building Rating Programs Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Use of Benchmark Numbers » Building Level Benchmarks – First Step, Less Costly • Energy consumption per employee in an office • Energy consumption per bed in a hospital • Energy consumption per room in a hotel » System Level Benchmarks – Requires Metering Infrastructure, More Costly and Data-Intensive • Lighting System: 5 Watts/m 2 • Equipment Power: 10 Watts/m 2 • HVAC System: 50 m 2/Ton of Refrigeration; 25 Watts/m 2 • Chilled and Condenser water pumps: 10 Watts/GPM • Air Handling Unit: 0. 75 Watts/CFM Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Milestones – Benchmarking Exercise Formation of Technical Steering Committee November 2008 Design of the Standardized Form for Data Collection December 2008 First Round of Data Collection from ECO-III Project Launch of Star Rating for Office Buildings Data Collection for BPO, Hotel, Hospitals by ICMQ Launch of BPO Building Star Rating Scheme Development of Multivariate Regression Model and Recommendations for Improving Star Rating Program System Level Data Collection & Benchmarking Jan - March 2009 Apr- Sept 2009 Jan 2010 Feb -June 2010 Ongoing Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Standardized Form for Data Collection Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benchmarking: Macro Analysis – Building Population N=861 N=760 Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benchmarking – Preliminary Analysis Number of Buildings 145 Floor Area (m 2) Building Type OFFICE BUILDINGS One shift Buildings 16, 716 Annual Energy Consumption (k. Wh) 20, 92, 364 Benchmarking Indices k. Wh/m 2/year 149 k. Wh/m 2/hour 0. 068 55 88 Three shifts Buildings Public Sector Buildings 31, 226 15, 799 88, 824 18, 331 349 115 0. 042 0. 045 224 Private Sector Buildings 28, 335 44, 98, 942 258 0. 064 Green Buildings 8, 382 HOSPITALS 15, 89, 508 141 k. Wh/m 2/year k. Wh/bed/year 10 128 Multi-specialty Hospitals 8, 721 24, 53, 060 378 13, 890 22 Government Hospitals 19, 859 13, 65, 066 88 2, 009 k. Wh/m 2/year k. Wh/room/year 279 24, 110 HOTELS 89 Luxury Hotels (4 and 5 Star) 19, 136 48, 65, 711 SHOPPING MALLS 101 Shopping Malls 10, 516 k. Wh/m 2/year 23, 40, 939 252 k. Wh/m 2/hour 0. 05642 Averages for different commercial buildings (Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project) Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Types of Benchmarking » Point Based Rating » Raw Data Visualization Method » Regression Based Statistical Method » Simulation & Model Based Approaches » Hierarchical End Use Metrics » Other methods include energy audits, domain expert knowledge, etc. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Why Regression Based Rating and Why Not Simple EPI Based Rating? » Simple EPI based rating does not take into account • Physical characteristics • Location characteristics • Operating characteristics Regression based methodology: Energy consumption of a benchmarked building = function (Building use, physical, operational and location characteristics). Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Performance Based Rating 1. Estimate energy consumed by benchmarked building log(kwh) = c 0. + c 1. climate + c 2. log(%ac) + c 3. log(bua) + c 4. log(hrs) + c 5. log(emp) 2. Calculate performance relative to the benchmarked building (BPI) BPI=Actual Energy Consumed / Energy Consumed by the benchmarked building 3. Compare candidate buildings’ BPI to other buildings and assign score to the performance differential Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benchmarking: Regression Concept » Benchmarked building: A building that is similar to the candidate building in terms of its use, location, operation characteristics based on our current knowledge about the national building stock » Estimated energy use by the benchmarked building = function (building type, physical, operational and location characteristics). » Issues: Functional form, Variable transformation, Estimation method, … Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benchmarking: Regression Analysis Kw. H %ac Bu. A Hrs Emp Kw H %ac Energy Use % Conditioned Space Built up Area Hours of Operation # Workers Bu. A. Hrs. . Em p Note: natural log of all continuous variables is used in the graph Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benchmarking: Regression Estimation log(kwh) = c 0. + c 1. climate + c 2. log(%ac) + c 3. log(bua) + c 4. log(hrs) + c 5. log(emp) Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 3. 25353 0. 93575 3. 477 0. 000629 *** Climate: Hot & Dry -0. 33754 0. 20305 -1. 662 0. 098100. Climate: Temperate 0. 04821 0. 14611 0. 330 0. 741815 Climate: Warm & Humid 0. 13827 0. 11501 1. 202 0. 230785 log(%ac) 0. 44334 0. 07272 6. 096 5. 98 e-09 *** log(bua) 0. 77891 0. 06108 12. 753 < 2 e-16 *** log(hrs) 0. 25989 0. 10383 2. 503 0. 013160 * log(emp) 0. 29468 0. 07165 4. 113 5. 83 e-05 *** --Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0. 001 ‘**’ 0. 01 ‘*’ 0. 05 ‘. ’ 0. 1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 0. 6869 on 189 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0. 8516, Adjusted R-squared: 0. 8461 F-statistic: 155 on 7 and 189 DF, p-value: < 2. 2 e-16 Base Climate: Composite Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Benchmarking User Input Select Building Type Office Built up area (m 2) 2, 000 Annual Electricity Purchased (k. Wh) 100, 000 Annual Electricity Generated (k. Wh) 40, 000 Select Climate zone Calculated values EPI (k. Wh/m 2) 70 Hot and Dry Hours per day 12 Days per Week 5 Percent conditioned space 0. 75 Total number of employees 150 Total Annual Electricity Consumed 140, 000 Average Energy Consumed by a Similar Benchmarked Building 214, 718 Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Performance Based Rating BPI < 1 Efficient Bldgs. Building Performance Index (BPI) = Actual Energy Consumed Energy consumed by the benchmarked building BPI > 1 Inefficient Bldgs. Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Performance Percentile Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Performance Based Rating BPI Percentile BPI 0. 14 1 0. 6 21 0. 92 41 1. 29 0. 19 2 0. 62 22 0. 94 42 0. 23 3 0. 63 23 0. 95 0. 26 4 0. 65 24 0. 29 5 0. 67 0. 31 6 0. 34 Percentile BPI Percentile 61 1. 83 81 1. 31 62 1. 86 82 43 1. 33 63 1. 9 83 0. 97 44 1. 35 64 1. 95 84 25 0. 99 45 1. 37 65 1. 99 85 0. 68 26 1. 01 46 1. 4 66 2. 04 86 7 0. 7 27 1. 02 47 1. 42 67 2. 09 87 0. 36 8 0. 71 28 1. 04 48 1. 44 68 2. 14 88 0. 38 9 0. 73 29 1. 06 49 1. 47 69 2. 2 89 0. 4 10 0. 74 30 1. 08 50 1. 49 70 2. 26 90 0. 42 11 0. 76 31 1. 09 51 1. 52 71 2. 33 91 0. 44 12 0. 78 32 1. 11 52 1. 54 72 2. 41 92 0. 46 13 0. 79 33 1. 13 53 1. 57 73 2. 49 93 0. 48 14 0. 81 34 1. 15 54 1. 6 74 2. 59 94 0. 5 15 0. 82 35 1. 17 55 1. 63 75 2. 71 95 0. 52 16 0. 84 36 1. 19 56 1. 66 76 2. 85 96 0. 53 17 0. 86 37 1. 21 57 1. 69 77 3. 02 97 0. 55 18 0. 87 38 1. 23 58 1. 72 78 3. 27 98 0. 57 19 0. 89 39 1. 25 59 1. 76 79 3. 68 99 0. 58 20 0. 91 40 1. 27 60 1. 79 80 Inf 100 Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Performance Based Rating 1. Estimate energy consumed by benchmarked building log(kwh) = c 0. + c 1. climate + c 2. log(%ac) + c 3. log(bua) + c 4. log(hrs) + c 5. log(emp) 2. Calculate performance relative to the benchmarked building (BPI) BPI=Actual Energy Consumed / Energy Consumed by the benchmarked building 3. Compare candidate buildings’ BPI to other buildings and assign score to the performance differential Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Factors influencing the energy consumption Building type Independent variables Built up area Hours of operation Percent conditioned space Number of employees Climate Built up area Number of beds Small / Large category Climate Built up area Number of rooms Climate Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Performance Based Rating Building Type Office Built up area (m 2) 2, 000 Annual Elec. Purchased (k. Wh) 100, 000 Annual Elec. Generated (k. Wh) 40, 000 Select Climate zone Hot and Dry Hours per day 12 Days per Week 5 Percent conditioned space 0. 75 Total number of employees 150 EPI Percentile ~ 82 25% 132 50% 200 ~ 75% Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Performance Based Rating Building Type Office Built up area (m 2) 2, 000 Annual Elec. Purchased (k. Wh) 100, 000 Annual Elec. Generated (k. Wh) 40, 000 Select Climate zone Hot and Dry Hours per day 12 Days per Week 5 Percent conditioned space 0. 75 Total number of employees 150 EPI Percentile ~ 72 25% 116 50% Dynamic! 175 ~ 75% Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Current Limitations » Data related issues • Additional questions in the survey • Information that is difficult to collect • Data credibility » Estimation related issues • Multi collinearity (e. g. built up area and number of users) » Impact of climate » Geographical scope » Program filters Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Next Steps » Collecting and analyzing system level energy consumption data » Development of system level benchmarks » Using benchmarked data • To design higher performing new buildings • To introduce operational efficiency in existing buildings » Institutionalize data collection and analysis process » Refinement of rating programs for existing buildings • Keep it simple but make it more rigorous • Reduce the possibility of gaming the system Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Next Steps » From score to labels » Web based administration » Periodic survey • Balanced coverage: Climate, Geography, Building types, Sample size, Program filters • Additional data: Year of construction , Utility bills averaged over at least 2 years, Occupancy by shifts, Envelop characteristics, System / Equipment load, etc. while ensuring data reliability and credibility! Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Future Direction » Continuous monitoring and performance evaluation » Move from site to source energy » System level benchmarking Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Concluding Remarks » Transparent, Rigorous, Versatile, and Extensible System » Initial stage of development » Continuous technical and administrative support required for administration Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Acknowledgements » USAID India » Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) » ICMQ and LBNL » Analysis Team: Saket Sarraf, Madhav Kamath, Aalok Deshmukh, Satish Kumar, Sanjay Seth, Sameer Pandita Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Thank You Contact Information Aalok Deshmukh Manager: Energy Efficiency Solutions USAID ECO-III Project Phone: +91 11 2685 3110 E-mail: adeshmukh (at) irgssa (dot) com URL: www. eco 3. org Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India Bau. SIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology September 22 -24, 2010, Vienna, Austria.