PERCEPTION Perception What is perception and how does
- Slides: 135
PERCEPTION!
Perception • What is perception and how does it influence our perspectives?
Perception • The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation
Perceptions Influenced by: ----motivation ----Values And ----Expectations Remember…your ----Experience brain takes ----Culture SHORTCUTS! ----Cognitive Style ----Personality
Selective Attention • focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
• Visual Capture –tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
Perception – tell your neighbor the definition! • The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation
Gestalt Psychology – Gestalt Psychologists focus on how we normally perceive images as groups or as whole objects, objects not isolated elements “the whole is more than the sum of its parts. . ” – Our brain takes shortcuts!
Figure- Ground relationship • organization of the visual field into objects (figures)……… that stand out from their surroundings (ground) • Analyzing separate information allows us to re-act to each individual object accordingly
What is the figure, and what is the background here?
Camouflage • when figures blend into the background • No distinction between “figure” and “ground”
Where is it?
Gestalt Psychology – Remember, Gestalt is our brain’s way of being efficient. – We see things as “whole” Our brain takes shortcuts!
…sometimes this is great! Automatic processes can enhance our perception
Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs! cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
…sometimes this is bad! Automatic processes can interfere with our perception
Now Read when the following you see the words word, say ONLY the out COLOR, loud… not the word itself… BLU RED GREE E N RED GREE ORANGE YELLO PINK BROW BLUE
Our brain gets so used to seeing things as whole objects (top down), it struggles with the “bottom up”
Gestalt Perception – Other Gestalt principles involves grouping objects together (again, seeing them as “whole”) – Several factors influence how we will group objects: • Proximity • Similarity • Continuity • Closure
proximity –- your brain likes to group nearby figures together
• Having trouble understanding the sign? • Your brain is trying to group the words based on proximity…
–similarity. Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group Color similarity – we see two “groups” of fruit, not 10 individual ones
Continuity (or continuation) The tendency to Perceive continuous patterns
Continuation in artwork…
Two objects…or three?
Closure (or completeness)- –The tendency to overlook incompleteness, and complete objects –We make them fit our preconceptions
closure • Do you see a square? • How many triangles?
Familiar objects are easier for our mind to complete…
GESTALT = seeing things as “whole” • Gestalt cues employ principle of “praegnanz” the brain will always favor the “simplest solution” it can find That solution is based on what you already know and expect in a given context
Constancy –perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image • There are three types of constancy cues: – Size Constancy – Shape Constancy – Brightness Constancy
Size Constancy • Objects closer to us will produce bigger images on our retinas, and as they move away they project a smaller image. The actual size of the object does not change
• …our …but look brains how assume much that smaller the guys of an in image they background cast on our retina…. surprising are similar in height isn’t to it? the other people…. they are just farther away…
…by the same token, if an object farther away WERE the same size, our brain assumes it is much larger than it actually is…
Shape Constancy • Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retina. Though we may change our position, the shape doesn’t change.
The 3 columns on the left and the 3 on the right are slightly different. Does the middle column belong with the left or the right? • …but if you look carefully, you will notice that they are actually exactly the same as the circles on the left… • We perceive it as being “slanted” and therefore being the same shape as the circles in the columns on the right
Brightness/Color Constancy • We perceive objects as having a constant color, despite lighting, shading, etc. Are all these bricks the same color?
We perceive the white as a constant whiteness, regardless of the shadow, when in reality, it is the same gray as the gray squares. . . trust me.
Depth Perception • Depth Cues allow us to perceive the world in three dimensions. – Monocular Cues are depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes working in conjunction together – Binocular Cues are depth cues that depend on having two eyes working in conjunction with each other
Monocular Cues • • Relative Height Relative Size Texture Gradient Interposition Relative Clarity/Shadowing Linear Perspective Relative motion/motion parallax
relative size • smaller image is more distant
texture gradient – coarse --> close fine --> distant –(Look at the floor beneath you, and then across the room)
Interposition/ Overlap • A closer object blocks a more distant object
relative clarity/shadowing • hazy object seen as more distant • Lighted objects seem closer • Darker objects seem further away
Relative Clarity Notice that it is usually darker in the distance….
Quick! Which building is closer? This building is actually closer Usually, things get darker as they are farther away…somet imes it can trick us….
Shadowing • Notice the “perception” of depth changes when shading is reversed
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Relative Height • Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away • Vertical Dimensions are often perceived as longer than identical horizontal dimensions
Who’s farthest away? Who’s tallest?
linear perspective • parallel lines converge with distance
Vanishing Point – where two parallel lines connect in the distance
relative motion/ Motion Parallax • closer objects seem to move faster • (riding in a car, trees along the road vs. houses in the distance)
• Artists use these all the time to give their work a true feeling of depth • Trompe l'oeil
Check out this picture…
…from a different angle!
• Same drawing from another angle…
These visual tricks provide depth and dimension to artwork on walls
• Artwork inside houses
• And of course…. • Classical Art • Escaping Criticism, 1874, by Pere Borrell del Caso
Binocular Cues –convergence • neuromuscular cue • two eyes move inward for near objects (bring a pencil slowly toward your eyes- keep focusing on the pencil- feel your eyes move)
–(Retinal) Binocular disparity • images from the two eyes differ • closer the object, the larger the disparity • (Hold a pencil in front of you, close one eye, then close the other eye- you get two different images)
Binocular Depth Cues: Finger Sausage
Believe or not – there is a three dimensional hour glass in here!
Motion • Eye muscle activity • Changing retinal image • Contrast of the moving object and its stationary background • All combine to bring us the perception of motion
Motion • Stroboscopic Motion- timed flashing lights or moving pictures that give the illusion of movement
Factors That Influence Perceptual Interpretations • Perceptual Set –The tendency to perceive a person or a situation in a particular way due to our past experiences with similar persons or situations
Perpetual Set - UFO
• Original Image – what do you see?
• “this is the first blowup to just 500 times the original. . and addition of the cyan blue filter. . that will develop the interior of the ship”
“Below is the ship solarized and invert to find edges. . from the blue cyan filter. . this is just 500 times. . and for the abduction and cattle mutilation pix i had to go to 3000 times. . “
“from the solarized version. . i go to desaturation. . of color and then increase the enlargement. . ive found for myself it is better to have the photo in black and white to see the detail. . the colors are not as clear. . and btw some of the scenes in this are sexual. . i may eventually cut some out. . but these guys are certainly preoccupied with sex. . “ “NEXT IS CATTLE ABDUCTION FROM THE ABOVE PHOTO CUT>. ”
“this is one of the two first cuts i made and shows a horse being abducted and probably the usual cuts. . etc. . or perhaps just DNA research. . ” …see anything yet? It depends on your “perceptual set” I guess…
“Below is the same picture … only OUTLINED. . and i think you can compare and see what is happening. . and certainly the ANSWER to many of the CATTLE MUTILATIONS ETC. . but i don't believe all of them. . the LIz. ARDS on this planet also use the horse and animals for sacrifice and ritual. . and even HANG HORSES. . these are not NOT NICE CRITTERS WHO ABUSE AND USE ALL OF THE LIFE ON THIS PLANET IN DEROGATORY METHODS. . . the PRIESTESS is also sometimes considered to be a REPTILIAN PRINCESS WHO TAKE CHARGE OF MUCH OF WHAT HAPPENS ON AND OFF THIS PLANET. . ” “ABDUCTIONS SHOULD END” …regardless of our perceptions, I think we all can agree on that…
Perceptual Set! Right side of room – get ready to close your eyes!
Left side of the room - Get your pencil ready and be prepared to jot something in the margins of your notes! Right Side – Close those eyes!
Quick! Write down what you think this a drawing of
Everyone open your eyes!
Right side of the room - Get your pencil ready and be prepared to jot something in the margins of your notes! Left Side – Close those eyes!
Quick! Write down what you think this a drawing of
• Raise yourexpectations hand if you Our said…. Mouse! influence our perceptions! Mouse… …. Face • Raise your hand if you said…. Face!
Perceptual Illusions • When our normal, automatic perception processes guide us to processes the wrongguide conclusions us to the wrong • … because your brain takes conclusions what you perceive is • shortcuts, …because your brain takes not necessarily reality! shortcuts, what you perceive is not necessarily reality! Do you perceive a face?
Extrasensory Perception = ESP • Some people claim to have extra powers of perception • Perception not with any of your physical senses but with your mind!
Parapsychology • The study of ESP and its many forms is known as Parapsychology • PARA means “alongside” • considered by many to be a “pseudoscience” Parapsychology includes the study of: telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psycho-kinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation and I see dead people
Subliminal Perception • Thresholds imply that there must be stimulus below and beyond our current levels of detection. Can human behavior be influenced by stimulus that is below or beyond our level of awareness?
Study! STUDY! Subliminal messages • Public concern 1957 • A marketing researcher claimed dramatic increases in the sales of popcorn (58% increase!)when he flashed the phrase Despite public rage over the "Eat popcorn" for 1/2000 of a second possibilities of “mind control”, further research has shown no during a movie. evidence that subliminal messages influence out longterm behavior.
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