PERCEPTION Perception is a Subjective Process Different people

PERCEPTION

Perception is a Subjective Process Different people may perceive the same environment differently based on what particular aspects of the situation they choose to selectively absorb, how they organise this information and the manner in which they interpret it to obtain a grasp of the situation.

MEANING OF PERCEPTION

NATURE OF PERCEPTION

IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION

THE PERCEPTION PROCESS

I. PERCEPTUAL INPUTS A number of stimuli are constantly confronting people in the form of information, objects, events, people etc. These serve as the inputs of the perceptual process.

II. PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM When a person receives information, he tries to process it through the following sub processes of : (a) Perceptual Selection (b) Perceptual Organisation © Perceptual Interpretation

(a) Perceptual Selectivity

Various External and Internal factors affect our selection process: 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) EXTERNAL FACTORS Intensity Size Contrast Motion Repetition Novelty & Familiarity Status Nature 2. INTERNAL FACTORS (a) Learning (b) Motivation (c) Personality

EXTERNAL FACTORS

1. INTENSITY

2. SIZE

3. CONTRAST

4. MOTION

5. REPETITION 6. NOVELTY & FAMILIARITY

7. Status- Orders given by high status/ low status people are perceived differently. 8. Nature- Whether the object is visual/ auditory, picture/ words, video/ still pictures attract different levels of attention.

INTERNAL FACTORS

1. LEARNING Mind organises information and forms images and compares them with previous exposures to similar stimuli. This is called COGNITIVE AWARENESS.

Young woman- Old woman

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2. MOTIVATION 3. PERSONALITY

2. Motivation- Motivation also has a vital impact on perceptual selectivity. Eg. Hungry person Eg. Need for power / achievement. 3. Personality- Personality of a person also influences perception. Eg. Older senior executives/ young managers Eg. Positive attitude/ Negative attitude

(b) PERCEPTUAL ORGANISATION

It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognisable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.

1. Figure and Ground

2. Perceptual Grouping

3. Perceptual Constancy

4. Perceptual Context

5. Perceptual Defense

III. Perceptual Interpretation

IV. Checking After data has been received and interpreted, the receiver tends to check whether his interpretations are right or wrong. Checking can be done by 1. Introspection- putting a series of questions to himself. 2. Interpretation with others.

V Reacting The last stage in perception is the reaction. The action/ reaction depends on whether the perception is favourable or unfavourable. 1. Reaction is negative when the perception is unfavourable. 2. Reaction is positive when the perception is favourable.

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Needs and Motives Self Control Past Experience Current psychological state Beliefs Expectations Situation Cultural Upbringing

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVED 1. Physical Characteristics- appearances, age, gender, manner of communication, personality traits. 2. Persons, objects or events that are similar to each other tend to be grouped together. Eg. people dressed in business suits VS people dressed in ordinary clothes. 3. Communication- Both verbal and non-verbal. 4. Status or occupation of a person. 5. Description given to us by other people.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITUATION 1. Physical settings 2. Social setting 3. Organisational setting Eg. Conversation with boss in a casual reception/ boss’s office. Eg. Meeting a person for the first time and he is with a person whom you respect. Eg. Opportunity to interact in a friendly manner in an organisation.

PERCEPTUAL ERRORS AND DISTORTIONS Sometimes errors creep into the perceptual interpretation of individuals. Perceptual distortion is a position where the person does not perceive thing/ person as they may be. These are the barriers to perceptual accuracy.

Eight major barriers to perceptual accuracy (1) Selective Perception (2) Attribution (3) Stereotyping (4) Halo Effect (5) Projection (6) Perceptual Set (7) Implicit Personality Theory (8) Expectancy.

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING PERCEPTUAL SKILLS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Knowing oneself accurately- JOHARI WINDOW Empathize with others Have a positive attitude Postpone impression formation Communicating openly Comparing one’s perception with that of others Introducing diversity management programmes (TRAINING)

COMMON BIAS

COMMON BIAS

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