PERCEPTION OF ORGANIZED CRIME SEXUAL ASSAULTS AND RAPES

Introduction • Goals of the presentation. • Mainly statistics of organized crime, prostitution, sexual

Organized crime in Slovenia One of the basic definitions of organized crime defines organized

Organized crime in Slovenia Criminal investigators in Slovenia are using the instructions of Europol

Police statistics Type of crime Total Economic Organized Number of criminal offences Damage (EUR)

Police statistics Criminal offences with no judicial base for prosecution Types of crime Type

Organized crime Types of crime Number of criminal acts 2010 2011 2015 2016 Prohibited

Perception of respondents of violence on the street in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police

Perception of respondents of organized crime in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_organized crime.

PROSTITUTION „The world‘s oldest profession“ and „Victimless Crime“ - decriminalised in 2003 - under

Perception of respondents of prostitution in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_prostitution Valid Percent

Sex related offences (Criminal code of the Republic of Slovenia) Types of crime Number

Perception of respondents of sexual assaults and rapes in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police

Pajnik, M. , & Kavčič, U. (2006). The demand side of sex: perspectives on

PROBLEMS? STATISTICS - Dark field PROSTITUTION - Taxes - Ignorance/acceptance - Health - Risk

Example of „legalised“ prostitution in Slovenia: https: //www. sloescort. com II. International student conference

A movie called Slovenka (Slovenian girl), which talks about a Slovenian girl, who studies

NGO Cooperating and notifying each other on signs or suspicions of trafficking in human

II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4

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PERCEPTION OF ORGANIZED CRIME, SEXUAL ASSAULTS AND RAPES IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN SLOVENIA AUTHORS: DAMJAN FUJS MIHA ZEMLJIČ II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Introduction • Goals of the presentation. • Mainly statistics of organized crime, prostitution, sexual assaults and rapes in Slovenia. • Annual police reports and some issues concerning measurement of organized crime. • Research from the year of 2011 and 2017 about perception of local residents in Slovenia of organized crime, prostitution, sexual assaults and rapes. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Organized crime in Slovenia One of the basic definitions of organized crime defines organized crime as a group of people profiting from criminal activity that is carefully planed (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). It is hard to measure organized crime because of the wide range of shapes of criminality and secret activity of criminal groups (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). Some of the main characteristics of organized crime are major damage in economy, secret operations of criminal groups, neutralization of criminal prosecution and so on (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). Why is measuring of organized crime so problematic? 1. Different definitions in the world. 2. Differences in the judicial systems. 3. Different types of methods in data and statistic collections of organized crime. 4. The influence of other social and political factors (politics, media and others) II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Organized crime in Slovenia Criminal investigators in Slovenia are using the instructions of Europol regarding the definition of organized crime and its criminal offences and are using the criminal-law definitions of criminal offences (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). The scale and type of organized crime is determined by the quantity and quality analysis of the data. Criminal investigators define criminal offences as organized crime if they concern frauds, concealments, smuggling, corruption and money laundering, and some other violent offences (murders, extortions), illegal trading of weapons, trafficking and smuggling human beings and trading with illegal drugs (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Police statistics Type of crime Total Economic Organized Number of criminal offences Damage (EUR) Number of investigations 9. 165 1. 968 88 6. 946 1. 854 85 231. 394. 800 208. 971. 200 705. 500 Criminal offences that are statistically shown in previous years but the investigations continued in the year of 2011. Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 Type of crime Total Economic Organized Number of criminal offences Damage (EUR) Number of investigations 8. 656 2. 682 141 6. 941 2. 497 138 Criminal offences that are statistically shown in previous years but the investigations continued in the year of 2016. 349. 845. 400 327. 727. 600 1. 488. 200 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Police statistics Criminal offences with no judicial base for prosecution Types of crime Type of crime Total Economic Organized 2011 2016 Type of crime 17. 395 1. 683 5 6. 955 1. 565 17 Total Economic Organized Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 2011 2016 88. 722 12. 746 318 61. 574 10. 179 403 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 Number of charged individuals Type of crime Total Economic Organized 2011 2016 18. 922 2. 651 129 15. 318 2. 332 236 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Organized crime Types of crime Number of criminal acts 2010 2011 2015 2016 Prohibited Crossing of State Border or Territory 45 10 62 51 Counterfeiting Money - - 7 12 Illegal Manufacture of and Trade in Weapons or Explosive Materials 9 10 4 6 Exploitation through Prostitution - 1 2 0 Unlawful Manufacture and Trade of Narcotic Drugs, Illicit Substances in Sport and Precursors to Manufacture Narcotic Drugs 184 231 228 267 Rendering Opportunity for Consumption of Narcotic Drugs or Illicit Substances in Sport 3 1 2 1 Larceny 2 1 1 1 Grand Larceny 24 15 12 11 Robbery 16 21 1 1 Fraud 3 3 2 2 Extortion and blackmail 14 10 8 12 TOTAL 300 303 329 364 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2010/2011, 2015/2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Perception of respondents of violence on the street in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_violence on the street. Frequency Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % not a problem at all 665 29, 9 30, 0 not a problem 629 28, 2 28, 4 58, 4 do not know 518 23, 3 23, 4 81, 8 a big problem 248 11, 1 11, 2 93, 0 a very big problem 156 7, 0 100, 0 Total 2216 99, 5 100, 0 11 0, 5 2227 100, 0 Valid Missi 99 ng Total II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Perception of respondents of organized crime in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_organized crime. Frequency Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % not a problem at all 540 24, 2 24, 4 not a problem do not know a big problem 502 568 342 22, 5 25, 5 15, 4 22, 7 25, 6 15, 4 47, 0 72, 7 88, 1 a very big problem 264 11, 9 100, 0 Total 2216 99, 5 100, 0 11 0, 5 2227 100, 0 Valid Missin 99 g Total II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

PROSTITUTION „The world‘s oldest profession“ and „Victimless Crime“ - decriminalised in 2003 - under constraint, pimping, exploitation - „moved from the street to the internet. “ Misuse of prostitution and human trafficking Number of criminal acts Number of suspect who have been charged Increase/decreas e [in %] 2015 2016 Misuse of prostitution 5 0 10 0 … Human trafficking 38 31 140 123 -5, 4 TOTAL 43 31 140 123 -12, 1 The causes of prostitution: - Violent family backgrounds (no love) - Recklessness („why not? “) - Financial problems - Bad company - Drugs – drug abuse - Poverty and economic distress - Alcoholism - Juvenile Delinquency Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Perception of respondents of prostitution in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_prostitution Valid Percent Cumulative % Percent % Frequency Percent % Not a problem at all 1045 46, 9 47, 1 Not a problem 497 22, 3 22, 4 69, 5 Do not know 375 16, 8 16, 9 86, 4 A big problem 190 8, 5 8, 6 95, 0 A very big problem 112 5, 0 100, 0 2219 8 2227 99, 6 0, 4 100, 0 Total Missing 99 Total II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Sex related offences (Criminal code of the Republic of Slovenia) Types of crime Number of criminal acts Increase/decrease [in %] Number of investigated criminal offences The share of investigated criminal offences 2015 2016 Rape 42 33 … 40 30 95, 2 90, 9 - Completed 39 28 … 37 26 94, 9 92, 9 - Attempted 3 5 … 3 4 100, 0 80, 0 Sexual violence 30 43 … 23 34 76, 7 79, 1 Violation of sexual integrity by abuse of position 12 7 … 12 7 100, 0 Sexual assault on a person below fifteen years of age 81 134 65, 4 73 116 90, 1 86, 6 Solicitation of children for sexual purposes 4 9 … 2 8 50, 0 88, 9 Presentation, Manufacture, Possession and distribution on pornographic material 69 110 59, 4 59 99 85, 5 80, 0 Other 20 20 …. 17 16 85, 0 80, 0 TOTAL 258 356 38, 0 226 310 87, 6 87, 1 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Perception of respondents of sexual assaults and rapes in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_sexual assaults, rapes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Not a problem at all 999 44, 9 45, 1 Not a problem 597 26, 8 26, 9 72, 0 Do not know 353 15, 9 88, 0 A big problem 130 5, 8 5, 9 93, 8 A very big problem 137 6, 2 100, 0 2216 11 2227 99, 5 100, 0 Valid Total Missing 99 Total II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Pajnik, M. , & Kavčič, U. (2006). The demand side of sex: perspectives on trafficking and prostitution: the case of Slovenia. Mirovni inštitut. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

PROBLEMS? STATISTICS - Dark field PROSTITUTION - Taxes - Ignorance/acceptance - Health - Risk of infection - Morality - Profits from prostitution feed organized crime SEXUAL ASSAULTS/ RAPE - Trauma - Children - Courts II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

Example of „legalised“ prostitution in Slovenia: https: //www. sloescort. com II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

A movie called Slovenka (Slovenian girl), which talks about a Slovenian girl, who studies in Ljubljana (the capital), while in secret working as a prostitute. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

NGO Cooperating and notifying each other on signs or suspicions of trafficking in human beings. The Office of the State Prosecutor General of the Republic of Slovenia II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018

II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica. , 4 April 2018