Peptides to Proteins What are proteins Why are
- Slides: 22
Peptides to Proteins
• What are proteins? • Why are proteins important? • How are proteins made? • How do proteins fold?
What are PROTEINS? Proteins are large, complex molecules that serve diverse functional and structural roles within cells.
Proteins are the ACTION FORCE in the cell.
Enzyme Defense Protease Antibody Fights Viruses Degrades Proteins can be functionally classified. Motion Actin Transpor t Hemoglobin Contracts Muscle Fibers Carries O 2 Regulation Insulin Controls Blood Glucose Support Keratin Forms Hair and Nails
Proteins are chains of amino acids. O C OH N H H Short chains of amino acids are called peptides. Proteins are polypeptide molecules that contain many peptide subunits. N H H
Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, R group and hydrogen. R NH 2 C H Amino Acid 1 COOH
Each amino acid has unique chemical properties. Glycine Histidine Glutamate Lysine Cysteine Aspartate Asparagine Arginine Isoleucine Methionine Serine Leucine Proline Alanine Threonine Tryptophan Phenylalanine Valine Tyrosine
Peptide bonds form by dehydration synthesis R R NH 2 C H Amino Acid 1 H N C O OH H C COOH H Amino Acid 2 H 2 O
R R NH 2 C H Amino Acid 1 P e. B eptid ond C H Amino Acid 2 COOH
Gene 3’ Nucleus Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (m. RNA) Trp t. RNA Ala t. RNA Met Large Subunit Ribosome Met 5’ Amino Acidtransfer RNA t. RNA Ala Empty t. RNA Trp Empty t. RNA A U G G C C U G G U A G Small Subunit Cytoplasm Ribonucleotides Codon 1 A U G = Methionine Codon 3 U G G = Tryptophan Codon 2 G C C Codon 4 U A G = Stop = Alanine A G C U is the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Primary There are 4 basic Secondary Tertiar y Quaternary
L V M H G I Q Y P S E C K T F The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids. N R A P D
The secondary structure is primarily composed of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets. Folding Back and Coiling Alpha Helix Primary Structure Beta-Pleated Sheet
The tertiary structure is the protein’s 3 D shape.
The quaternary structure is the assembly of folded subunits.
Proteins must reach their final shape to perform their vital functions Improperly Folded Properly Folded
Summary • Proteins are biological workhorses that carry out most of the functions within the cell. • Proteins are large biological molecules that serve diverse functional and structural roles within cells. • Proteins are synthesized during the translation process.
Summary cont’d… • Proteins are composed of amino acids that are covalently linked by peptide bonds. • Proteins have four basic levels of structure. However, proteins must fold correctly in order to function properly.
THE END!