Peopling the Americas Chapter 1 section 1 Brief

Peopling the Americas Chapter 1 section 1 Brief summary ☺

Push and Pull Factors: Food Adventure Family Employment Religion Political Freedom Enslavement

How did people first arrive in the Americas? 22, 000 years ago Beringia- Asia to Alaska Most came by foot/Kayaks Hunted Large Animals Next thousands of years, spread out over North and South America • 12, 000 to 10, 000 years ago, Ice Age Ended. • Beringia Covered • • •

Continued… • Climate grew warm • Hunt small animals, nuts and berries • Some folks settled in N. A. some headed south toward Mexico. • 10, 000 to 5, 000 years ago, Folks living in Mexico started eating Maize. • Farming spread • Communities formed and complex cultures • Nomadic

Native America

Complex Societies Flourish in The Americas • 3, 000 Years ago • Olmec- Mexico 1200 B. C. . Collapsed around 400 B. C. • Maya- influenced by Olmec. 250 A. D. and 900 A. D. Yucatan Peninsula. The “OTHER” pyramid people!

• Aztec- Central Mexico 1200 s • Inca- coast of South America • All Empires listed had awesome achievements – Miniing precious metals *gold, silver* – Built palaces, pyramids, temples – Invented writing

Meanwhile in North America • Hohokam and Anasazidesert areas in the SW. • HOHO- central Arizona • Anasazi- canyon bottoms of Four Corner Region of present day Utah, Colorado, Arizona and NM.

Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian Civilizations • Developed east of Miss. River. • Called Mound Builders • Created Burial Mounds

Chapter 1 section 2 Native American Societies

Native Americans live in diverse societies • Native people lived in many kinds of settings. • Cultures that they developed depended on how they adapted to their environments.

North American Natives • Northwest- Kwakiutl lived here and others. Relied on Ocean for food. Made Totem Poles. • Southwest- Pueblo (today’s Arizona and New Mexico). Relied on Corn and beans and built Adobe houses. Eastern Woodlands- Stretched from Great Lakes all the way down the Gulf of Mexico. Natives in Northern part Relied on Hunting those in the southern part relied on farming. The Iroquois lived in today New York State, depended on hunting and collecting fruits. •

Natives share Cultural Patterns • 1. Trade Routes- Trading brought tribes into contact and when tribes est. permanent settlements • many settlements became known for producing certain products or skills.

• 2. Land- all natives respected the land. • They thought it could not be bought or sold. • They treated it as a resource that belong to all groups. • Natives made little changes to the land. • This attitude about land is gonna lead to a clash when the European arrive.

• 3. Spirits- Believed that spirits lived in the world. Most believed that one spirit was the most powerful being. • 4. Family- They had strong feelings of Kinship (family ties). They valued their elders.

• 5. Division of Labor. Type of work someone did depended on gender, age or social position.

Chapter 1 section 3 West African Societies

West Africa and the Wider World • Africa WAS isolated from Europe and Asia by Geography. But for centuries, trade routes throughout Africa had connected different regions in the exchange of goods, ideas, and beliefs.

Timbuktu • Was the Hub of a wellestablished trading route that connected most of West Africa. These trade routes crossed the Sahara Desert. • Traders from North Africa brought a new Religion –Islam- to West Africa.

Islam (Muslims) • Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad in Arabia in 622. It spread quickly across the Middle East and North Africa. • By 1200 s, Islam became the Official religion of the empires of West Africa.

Judaism (Jews, Hebrews) • Believe in one God. The God of Abraham. • Jews believe that God made a covenant (agreement) with Abraham that his decedents would be God’s chosen people. • Torah….

Christians • Believe in one God • Base their religion on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ). • Born in Bethlehem around A. D. 0 • Christians concept of God is the Trinity… God is 3 parts, God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit.

Traders from Portugal Arrive in West Africa • Est. Plantations, later copied in America. • Some groups in WA held slaves. • Slavery did not always mean a lifetime without freedom. Slaves could escape their situation – Marry into family they served – Escaped to the countryside

Chapter 1 Section 4 European Societies around 1492

Christianity Shapes the European Outlook • Roman Catholic Church was important in Europe. • Christians wanted Muslims to leave the Holy land. • 1096 to 1270 - Europeans took part in the Crusades. These were a series of wars to retake the Holy Land. It Failed…. . BUT…

• Crusades had a big impact. – Trade increased. – Made European rulers stronger and the Church Weaker. In early 1500 s, reformers called for changes in the Church. This was called the Reformation. IT divided Christianity in western Europe between Catholicism and Protestantism. This was happening during a period of American Colonization.

Reformation and Renaissance • • Martin Luther 95 Theses Personal relationship Controversial b/c? –no need for clergy

Chapter 1 section 5 Transatlantic Encounters

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic • CC- an Italian sailor who thought he could find a new trade route to Asia. • CC asked rulers of Spain to give him money and supplies and in return he would claim new lands for Spain. • He would also CONVERT the people he found to Christianity.

• CC thought he reached the islands off of Asia, the Indies. • So CC called the people that he saw the “Indians”. • This was the name used for all the people who lived in the Americas.

• Spain funded 3 more voyages to the Americas. • On these voyages, Columbus brought soldiers, priests, and people to settle the land.

How did Columbus change the lives of Natives? • Europeans had developed a way of colonization. They set up areas controlled by the parent country. • Europeans started plantations. They used weapons to threaten people. Used on Natives. • Natives fought back. • Natives caught diseases and died.

How did Columbus change the lives of Africans… • Natives died off from diseases and the conquerors needed more workers. • Spanish began to bring Africans to the Americans as slaves. • Led to Atlantic Slave trade and destroyed African Societies in West Africa.

Columbian Exchange • Between the Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe. Transfer of good. • The Americas introduced crops to Europe and Africa. • European goods were brought to America. • African foods were carried to the Americas on Slave ships.

Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494, Spain and Portugal signed this. • Divided the Western Hemisphere along a North and South line. • Spain got West • Portugal got East

The Story of the United States of America Begins with a meeting of North American, African, and European People. A Although the Europeans tried to impose their ways on Native Americans and Africans, they never Completely succeeded.