PENNY LAB A Guide to Completing Your Scientific

PENNY LAB A Guide to Completing Your Scientific Method Booklet!

Introduction: The first set of slides shows what each page of the booklet needs; The second set of slides gives examples. --They have different background color.

Cover Pg 4 = Data, Observations & Sketches Pg 2 = Problem Statement, Research, Hypothesis Pg 5 = Analysis (Graphs & Inferences) Pg 3 = Procedure Pg 6 & 7 = Conclusion “RERUN” Pg 8 = Back Cover, “extra space”

Slide 1 of 1 PENNY LAB – Title Page needs… Title – that relates to the lab Your Name Partner’s Name Section Due Date (to be determined)

PENNY LAB – Page 2 Slide 1 of 2 Problem Statement = what you’re trying to figure out RESEARCH = background info to understand the lab At least 3 facts & 2 different citations. Citation needs name of article and name of website

PENNY LAB – Page 2 con’t HYPOTHESIS = If Slide 2 of 2 independent variable (=what’s changed) manipulated variable then dependent variable responding variable (=what’s measured) because (briefly explain why). If [I do this], then [this will happen] because [of this reasoning].

PENNY LAB – Page 3 PROCEDURE always needs… Slide 1 of 2 Safety = what do we need to be careful with/about? Operational Definition = how will the dependent/responding variable be measured? Set-up Sketch = to show equipment was set up for the lab Clean up = what do you have to do to clean up?

PROCEDURE Extra Credit Slide 2 of 2 Write a procedure for the experiment we did in class. • Numbered list • Start each step with a verb • Make sure it can be followed! • Up to 4 pts. EC • Write on a separate sheet, put in booklet

PENNY LAB – Page 4 DATA & Collaboration Slide 1 of 1 Data Tables = one w/your data; one w/collaboration data from 3 other groups Observations = write down at least 2 things you noticed during the experiment Sketch/es = at least one; it should support your observations; 1 picture can be worth a 1000 words

PENNY LAB – Page 5 ANALYSIS is all about… Slide 1 of 1 Graphs = 2, one using your data; the other uses collaboration data X-axis = independent or manipulated variable Y-axis = dependent or responding variable Inferences = write down what you can figure out from your graphs Collaboration = ALWAYS write about your collaboration data as well as your own data!!

PENNY LAB – Pages 6 & 7 CONCLUSION = “RERUN” Restate Explain the procedure Report the Results Uncertainties or Errors New Things Discovered, Extensions Slide 1 of 3

PENNY LAB – Pages 6 & 7 CONCLUSION = “RERUN” Slide 2 of 3 Restate = your problem question Explain the procedure = summarize what you did; include variables & op. defn. Report the Results = tell how your results and inferences support or reject your hypothesis; be sure to use collaboration data! This is always worth a lot of points because this is where you show your THINKING and that you understood what happened

PENNY LAB – Pages 6 & 7 CONCLUSION…continued Slide 3 of 3 Uncertainties or Errors* = what are some things that affected your results? Corrections? What could you have done better? New Things Discovered*, Extensions* = new information or knowledge gained; interesting or cool/fun Also, how could the experiment be taken further? New questions * at least 2!

PENNY LAB – Page 8 The Back Cover Slide 1 of 1 You can use this if you need more room for any of the other pages. – OR – it can be the back cover! Have some fun and be creative, but never leave it blank!! need T O N es (Do d or e l t i t e b !!) d e n i f e d to

Next are the sample pages. Remember, you must DEFINE the step, and then DO the step!** (re d hin type t rem s and = fro inder mm s e! ) ** Except for the title page and back cover

Penny Lab Pg 1 / Cover Slide 1 of 1 Mrs. Spiegel Partner: Harvey the Hawk Section: 7 -A Due: Sept. 31, 2010

Problem Statement = what I’m trying to figure out How many drops fit on a penny? Hypothesis (format) Pg 2 Slide 1 of 2 If (independent/manipulated variable)… (= variable you are testing) then (dependent /responding variable)… (= variable you measure) because (briefly explain why). My Hypothesis If pennies made of different metals have water dropped on them, then harder pennies will hold less drops because the harder metals will make the water splash more.

Research = background info Pg 2 Slide 2 of 2 Copper has a hardness of 3. 2 -3. 5; zinc has a hardness of 2. 5; steel is 7 Citation: Mohs scale of mineral hardness; wikipedia. org From 1793 – 1837, the penny was pure copper. For the next 20 years, the penny was bronze, which is copper, tin and zinc. From 1857 – 1863 the cent looked whitish because it was made of copper with 12% nickel. For the next 98 years (1864 -1962!) the penny was again bronze, except for 1943. Because of the need for copper during WW II, the cent was zinc-coated steel in 1943. In 1962 the tin was removed from pennies, making them 95% copper and 5% zinc. In 1982 this was changed to 97. 5% zinc and 2. 5% copper Citation: The Composition of the Cent; usmint. gov

Procedure = always has these 4 parts Safety = be careful about…. Pg 3 Slide 1 of 2 -- wear goggles Set-up Sketch: = How the equipment was used Operational Definition = how the dependent/responding variable is measured number of drops will be one less than overflow Clean up = what needs to be done at the end of the lab • Wipe down table • Return flasks & other equipment to back counter (What’s miss ing from this s ketch? Hint: it’s a g ood way to in clude your controls!)

PROCEDURE Extra Credit Pg 3 Slide 2 of 2 Write a procedure for the experiment we did in class. Numbered list Start each step with a verb Make sure it can be followed! Up to 4 pts. EC Write on a separate sheet, put in booklet

Data & Collaboration Pg 4 Slide 1 of 1 = includes data tables, observations & sketches Observations: I didn’t think water would pile up and make such a big mound on a penny! My Group’s Data Number of Drops – Raw Data Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 1943 Penny 43 45 46 1963 Penny 22 23 27 1984 Penny 33 37 38 Collaboration Data !!) r le u r a e s (U Number of Drops -- Averages My Grp 1 Grp 2 1943 Penny 44. 7 46. 5 40. 2 1963 Penny 24 28. 2 26. 3 1984 Penny 36 33. 4 34. 2 The 3 pennies really looked different from each other 1943 Grp 3 44. 2 26. 8 35 1963 1984 (OK, so I “cheated” b/c this is Power. Point and I used Google to find pictures instead of making sketches… )

Analysis = graphs & inferences Collaboration Graph (drops) Pg 5 Slide 1 of 1 My Group’s Graph (drops) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1943 Penny 1963 Penny 1984 Penny Number of Drops – Raw Data Trial 1 Number of Drops – Raw Data Trial 2 Number of Drops – Raw Data Trial 3 (Us pa e gra pe r!!) ph se h U ( ap !!) Inferences: gr per pa Both graphs show that the 1943 penny held the most drops, the 1984 held the second highest number of drops and the 1963 penny held the least amount of drops. It can be inferred that the 1943 penny holds more water than the 1963 or 1984 pennies.

Conclusion = “RERUN” Pgs 6 & 7 Slide 1 of 4 Restate = problem question How many drops can fit on a penny? Explain the procedure = summary with variables and operational definition Water was dropped onto pennies made of different metals. The number of drops it took to flood the penny was recorded to see if harder metals held more water. (Notice how I included the variables and op defn in my sentences) (You will use 2 pages for the conclusion; I will need 4 slides!)

Conclusion (continued) Pgs 6 & 7 Slide 2 of 4 Report the Results = show results support or reject hypothesis All the graphs show that the 1943 penny held the most drops. This data does not support the hypothesis because the 1943 is the hardest penny. It is steel. The research said zinc is a softer metal than copper and copper is softer than steel. I now understand that the “softness” of a metal does not seem to “cushion” the drops. Instead, all the data shows that the harder pennies held more drops.

Conclusion (continued) Pgs 6 & 7 Slide 3 of 4 Uncertainties or Errors = things that affect results; improvements • We had a hard time keeping the pipette at 2 cm. ; using a ruler would have helped. • We needed to be more steady because sometimes we jiggled the paper towel and the water spilled off the penny. • Sometimes the drops came out too fast because !) ! we squeezed the dropper too hard. 2 st (A a e l t

Conclusion Pgs 6 & 7 Slide 4 of 4 (continued) New Things Discovered, Extensions = new information or knowledge; what’s next? Metals have different hardness. Pennies are made from different metals. I am glad we got to decide which variable we wanted to use in our experiment. What would it be like to compare silver dollars with nickels? Would heads be different from !) ! tails? What about different sides? 2 st (A a e l t

Back Cover Pg 8 Slide 1 of 1 (can be used as to extra room for any step, or as a back need T O N or cover! Never leave it empty!) s oe ed (D titl d!!) be fine de