Pengelolaan Pengganggu Tanaman By Irda Safni SP MCP

Pengelolaan Pengganggu Tanaman By Irda Safni, SP, MCP, Ph. D

Silabus 1. Pendahuluan - Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan 2. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman perkebunan 3. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman pangan 4. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit pada tanaman hortikultura & palawija

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INTRODUCTION

Disease - A disease is the impairment of the normal physiological functioning of a plant or plant part, caused by the continued irritation of a primary factor or factors. Loss In due to disease range from: A few to 30 % case of sever infection: 100% crop failure Striking effect of disease Elimination of some promising Variety Kalyan Sona and Janak Variety in wheat

What causes plant diseases? Fungi Viruses Bacteria Nematodes

Comparison of Disease Cycles Fungi Bacteria Viruses Nematodes Survival Crop residue Soil Alt. hosts - Crop residue Soil Alt. hosts Insect vectors Crop residue Soil - Dispersal Wind Rain Insects Tillage Equipment Water run-off Infection Directly Wounds Insect feeding Directly -

n En v ge iro tho nm Pa en t The Disease Triangle Host

How A disease Develop……. • Development of any disease depends on a close interaction among three diverse factors: • The Host • The pathogen • The environment

What is Control Measures…… • Measures taken to prevent incidence of a disease, reduce the amount of inoculum that initiates the spreads of disease and finally minimises the loss caused by the disease have traditionally being called as control measures. • Plant disease management is the eminent process in crop production. • A disease can be managed by eliminating interaction between o A susceptible host o A virulent pathogen o In suitable environmental condition

Disease Cycle Siklus Sekunder Fase Patogenesa Fase Saprogenesa Siklus Primer

Siklus Primer Siklus Sekunder Fase patogenesa Inokulum patogen pertama ada di lapang dan melakukan infeksi serta menimbulkan penyakit. Fase Saprogenesa Patogen bertahan pada kondisi tertentu di alam terjadi bila kondisi tidak optimal atau ekstrim. Fase destruktif patogen Terjadi pada inang utama dan kondisi optimal kerusakan tanaman

Disease Cycle Management = interrupt the disease cycle

Disease Cycle Survival Inoculum produced Production of survival structures Symptoms Dispersal Colonization Infection Management = interrupt the disease cycle Adapted from P. Vincelli, 2005

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 1) AVOIDANCE 2) EXCLUSION 3) ERADICATION 4) PROTECTION 5) RESISTANT VARIETIES 6) THERAPY H. H. Whetzel included four general disease control principles, Exclusion, Eradication, Protection, Resistance

Avoidance Avoiding disease by altering planting time, or planting in areas where inoculum is ineffective due to environmental condition or rare or absent. Avoidance can be carried out by: Choice of geographical areas Selection of field Selection of seed and planting material Choice of time of showing Disease escaping varieties Modification of cultural practices

Seed quality - plant seed that is high quality Planting infected seed can inhibit germination, slow seedling growth, or introduce new pathogens into a field.

Exclusion Preventing the inoculum from entering or establishing in the field or area where it does not exist. • Seed treatment • Inspection • Certification • Quarantine (Federal or State) • Cleaned farm equipment Cleaning farm equipment

Example of Quarantine Regulation

Eradication This principle aims at eliminating a pathogen after it is introduced into an area but before it has become well established or widely spread. It can be applied to individual plants, seed lots, fields or regions It is generally not effective over large geographic areas

Eradiation can be done by…… Destroying weeds that are reservoirs of various pathogens or insect vectors of disease, Biological control of plant pathogen Crop rotation Soil treatment Heat and chemical treatment Weed Control Elimination of potato cull piles

Crop Rotation Propane flaming Burning of infected residues crop Soil Treatment

Crop rotation - prevents build up of inoculum Destroyed/suppressed Competition for food

Protection Preventing infection by creating a chemical toxic barrier between the plant surface and pathogens. • Chemical treatment • Chemical control of insect vector • Modification of environment or environment condition • Modification of host nutrition

Fungicides Foliar fungicides - stop infection and colonization of host Syngenta

Resistant Varieties Preventing infection or reducing effect of infection by managing the host through improvement of resistance in it by genetic manipulation or by chemotherapy. • Selection and hybridisation of disease resistance • Mutation for disease resistance

Resistance - prevents colonization and disease development Soybean cyst nematode

Resistance - reduces build up of inoculum Susceptible variety has large lesions Resistant variety has smaller and yellowish-green color lesions Corn Leaf Blight

Susceptible and resistant plant to papaya ringspot virus

Therapy of disease plant Reducing severity of disease in an infected individual by chemicals. • Chemotherapy • Tree Surgery • Heat Therapy

Interrupting the disease cycle How does management interrupt the disease cycle? Inoculum produced Survival Production of survival structures Symptoms Dispersal Colonization Infection

Interrupting the disease cycle Rotation; tillage; planting high quality seed Inoculum produced Survival Production of survival structures Symptoms Dispersal Colonization Infection

Interrupting the disease cycle Variety resistance; fungicides Inoculum produced Survival Production of survival structures Symptoms Dispersal Colonization Infection

Summary Understanding disease cycle is the fundamental of plant disease management The disease cycle for all pathogens is essentially the same. Effective management strategies break the disease cycle. An understanding of the disease cycle will help implement management strategies.

TUGAS Buat Paper dan dipresentasikan untuk materi di bawah ini: 1. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman perkebunan oleh penyakit akibat: a. Jamur Kelompok A b. Bakteri Kelompok B c. Virus Kelompok C d. Nematoda Kelompok D PERTEMUAN ke-2

TUGAS 2. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman pangan oleh penyakit akibat: a. Jamur Kelompok E b. Bakteri Kelompok F c. Virus Kelompok G d. Nematoda Kelompok H PERTEMUAN ke-3

TUGAS 3. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman hortikultura & palawija oleh penyakit akibat: a. Jamur Kelompok I b. Bakteri Kelompok J c. Virus Kelompok K d. Nematoda Kelompok L PERTEMUAN ke-4