PEN in DRC Riyong Kim Bakkegaard Putting PEN

PEN in DRC Riyong Kim Bakkegaard Putting PEN to Paper 23 -28 March 2009 Bogor, Indonesia

I. Context • Central Africa • Luki Biosphere Reserve : 32, 968 hectares • Tropical lowland rainforest

I. Context • Luki Biosphere Reserve 32, 968 ha • 5 study villages • 207 HH Village Pop’n Sampl e After Att. * 01 2000 35 29 02 4900 60 58 03 794 40 32 04 345 36 32 05 317 36 24 Total 8356 207 175 Average no. people per HH: 4. 7 Key sub-dimensions: Closeness to markets Level of migration

II. Household income sources

III. Income sources and seasonality

III. Income sources and seasonality Aug – Oct (start rain) Feb - Apr (little dry and little rain) Nov-Jan (big rain) “lean period” planting May – Jul (dry)

IV. Key forest and environmental products (1) Total Forest Income Product Net Inc. Share Firewood Bushmeat Charcoal 2945250 1197765 864600 38. 89 15. 82 11. 42 Cash Inc. Cash % Sub. Inc. Sub. % 56000 1. 9 443134. 3 37. 00 716150 82. 83 2889250 754630. 7 13450 98. 10 63. 00 1. 56 Other products found significant in own categories: Direct Forest Income: Palm nut, eru Forest Derived Income: Palm oil Non-forest Environmental Income: avocado, coffee

IV. Key forest and environmental products (3) • Pricing • Own reported values • Contingent valuation • Checked own reported values (on Qtr 1&2) • S. D. << mean for most • Mean ~ mode ~ median = little skewness • S. D > Mean or ↑ dispersion = naturally heterogenous products » Quality : Bushmeat, Wood for charcoal, Palm oil » Season : safu fruit, palm nut » Distance : firewood • Unit price matched ratio of quantities

V. Income composition and poverty

VI. Other patterns Households using forests to cope with crisis Freq. % No 66 88. 0 Yes 9 12. 00 Total 75 Cum Most common coping mechanisms Freq. % Cum. 27 26. 73 88. 00 Harvest more agicultural products 100. 00 Do extra casual labour work 18 17. 82 44. 55 100. 00 Tried to reduce household spending 17 16. 83 61. 39 Assistance from friends and relatives 12 11. 88 73. 27 Harvest more forest products 9 8. 91 82. 18 Spend cash savings 7 6. 93 89. 11 Did nothing in particular 5 4. 95 94. 06 Other 3 2. 97 97. 03 Sell assets (land, livestock, etc. ) 2 1. 98 99. 01 Get loan from money lender, credit asso 1 0. 99 100. 00 Total 101 100. 00

VI. Other patterns • Stepping stone out of poverty? – Top 50% of HH are > poverty line (IMF, 2007) – Higher quintiles earn more AFI and ACFI • assists accumulation of wealth? – Higher quintiles exploit greater diversity and quantity of collected forest products, such as: • bushmeat, eru, safu fruit, mushroom, Marantaceae leaves for the production of chikuangue, as well as products not collected by lower quintiles e. g. timber, sawnwood etc.

VI. Other patterns Pearson Correlation Net direct forest income (DFI) and distance Net forest derived income (FDI) and distance Variable Net DFI income 1. 000 Distance to Road - 0. 017 Distance to district market - 0. 074 Dist to market where forest products are sold - 0. 017 Variable Net FDI income 1. 000 Distance to Road - 0. 140 Distance to district market - 0. 010 Dist to market where forest products are sold - 0. 140

VII. Policies and overall findings • Latest Regression results on RFI and AFI show GENDER and ASSET wealth are significant • Pairwise correlations: – ↓ RFI with ↑ crop, livestock, biz and salary. – 1 village (12 km from mkt) • significant negative correlation between crop and business to RFI