Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbasis Teks Oleh Darwis Sasmedi

Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbasis Teks Oleh : Darwis Sasmedi Januari 2006

What is a text? n n n We live in a world of words. When these words are put together to communicate a meaning, a piece of text is created. When you speak or write to communicate a massage, you are constructing a text When you read, listen to, or view a piece of text, you interpreting its meaning. Creating a text requires us to make a choices about the words we use and how we put them together If we make the right choices then we can communicate with others, our choices of words will depend on our purpose and our surroundings or context

Pengertian Teks n n n Teks adalah satuan bahasa yang mengungkapkan makna secara kontekstual. Batasan teks tidak diukur dari jumlah kalimat atau halaman yang dikandung, tetapi dari makna yang diungkapkan dan konteks yang melingkupinya Demikian pula, kualitas teks tidak dinilai dari panjang pendeknya. Teks ilmiah sering diidentikkan dengan teks tulis, sedangkan teks non-ilmiah dengan teks lisan Teks tulis bukanlah teks yang ditulis, dan sebaliknya, teks lisan bukanlah teks yang dilisankan. Ada teks tulis yang disampaikan secara lisan, misalnya berita yang dibaca oleh penyiar radio atau televisi. Teks lisan yang ditulis, misalnya teks percakapan yang ditulis.

Teks Penceritaan (Recount) Contoh teks penceritaan: The Ferry Trip On Tuesday we went on a harbor cruise. We went underneath the harbour bridge and then we went past some submarines. When we got to Clifton Gardens we had a picnic. After we had finished, we played on the climbing. Then Mr. Robinson came over and said Mr. Moses was giving out frozen oranges. Then after we finished that we went home. Although it was tiring, we were happy.

Ciri Teks Recount: n n Berisi “siapa” (pelaku) melakukan “apa” (peristiwa), maka lebih dipentingkan pelaku daripada peristiwa (pelaku dicetak miring), Lebih banyak memanfaatkan Past Tense (dicetak tebal), Lebih banyak mengandung kata kerja material yaitu yang menunjukkan kata kerja yang menunjukkan aktivitas (3 kelompok kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris, kata kerja : 1) material, 2) mental, 3) relasional), Banyak memanfaatkan konjungsi temporal, seperti when, then dan after.

Kosa kata yang lazim dibutuhkan: Ket. waktu Konjungasi n - Last week Last month Last year Last time Yesterday Three days ago 2 months ago A few weeks ago In 2001 - when - after that - before that - not long after that - first of all -finally Kata kerja - went - did - had - made - came -arrived - got - met to be (was, were)

n Kata Kerja - conducted - carried out - observed - collected - concluded - made - came - worked - analyzed - discussed Kata Benda - research - survey - programme - observation - experiment - activity - conclusion - method/methodology - data - analysis

Teks Prosedur Contoh teks prosedur : How to Operate This Washing Machine Open the door, and load the machine with clothes. Close the door securely, and put “Fizz” into the soap compartment. Select the washing temperature (hot or warm) Put a 50 piece into the lost on the right. The clothes are ready.

Ciri-ciri Teks Prosedur: n n n Memanfaatkan Simple Present Tense Lebih banyak memanfaatkan kata kerja material Selain dengan kalimat perintah, dapat dinyatakan dengan kalimat pasif, Terkait dengan poin 2 di atas, partisipannya adalah manusia Memanfaatkan konjungsi yang menunjukkan urutan seperti first, second, next, then dan finally

Teks Deskripsi Contoh Teks Deskripsi: Deserts are very dry and hot regions where only few plants and animals can live. Deserts in the world have several characteristics in common. Firstly, they all have an annual rainfall of less than ten inches. Although there is no water on the surface of deserts, there is much underground. Secondly, there are great differences between day and night temperatures. During the day, the temperature is very high, but at night it becomes very low. Finally, they are inhabited by plants and animals which have adapted to lack of water and the changing temperatures.

n n Teks Deskripsi (description) sering pula disebut paparan, tentang sesuatu sebagaimana adanya. Yang dipaparkan adalah bentuknya, ukurannya, unsurnya, atau sifat-sifatnya. Teks deskripsi dapat berupa paparan sebuah proses, misalnya proses terjadinya hujan Teks deskripsi bertujuan untuk memaparkan what things are as they are atau what things do as they do

Ciri Teks Deskripsi: n n n Teks deskripsi didominasi penggunaan simple present tense Teks deskripsi lebih banyak memanfaatkan kata kerja relational dan material Teks deskripsi tidak memanfaatkan partisipan manuasia, sehingga yang lebih penting adalah pokok yang dipaparkan Pada teks deskripsi , konjungsi seperti firstly, secondly dll , hanya digunakan semata-mata untuk menata gagasan Pada teks deskripsi, kata sifat merupakan alat yang bangus untuk melukiskan bentuk, ciri-ciri dan keadaan pokok yang dipaparkan Teks deskripsi biasanya mencerminkan hubungan bagian dan keseluruhan

n - Kosa kata yang lazim pada teks deskripsi: Kata benda(wil. adm) Kata benda/Sifat (Keadaan Geografi) Continent mountainous Country State Country Territory Region Area Province Regency District Subdistrict village - mountain, - hill, hilly - flat - plain - forest, wooded - grassland, grassy - river - lake - sea - ocean - desert

n - Iklim (Kata Sifat) Polar Arid Maritime Desert Tropicale Quatorial Cuaca (Kata Sifat) - wet/rainy - dry - hot - windy -chilly - mild, humid Bahasa (Kata benda) - Native language Mother tongue Indonesian (language) Sundanese Balinese Musim (Kata Benda) - spring - summer - autumn /fall - winter Arah Mata angin (kata benda, kata sifat) - north, northen - north-east, north-eastern - east, eastern - south-east, south-eastern - west, western

Contoh lain formulasi bahasa dan kosa kata teks deskripsi: - There is a trend that the… increase every year. a tendency Atau: - The production tends to increase every ye will is likely to Atau: - It is predicted that…. n projected estimated

Teks Eksplanasi n Contoh teks Eksplanasi HOW DESERTS REMAIN DRY There are three possible reasons why desert remain dry. These are high mountain barriers, cold ocean currents and high pressure systems Mountain Barriers: When warm air passes over the ocean it pick up moisture in the form of water vapour. As this moist travels over the land, it rises to pass over mountain ranges. When it begins to rise, the air cools and this causes the water vapour to condence into droplets which fall as rain. When the reaches the other side of the mountain barriers, it has lost all its moisture and so the other side of the mountain remains dry.

Teks Deskripsi lanjutan: n n Teks deskripsi dapat berupa sajian penjelasan tentang gambar, tabel, grafik, atau diagram. Teks ilmiah sering memanfaatkan gambar, tabel, grafik atau diagram sebagai media penyajian data

Formula bahasa yang lazim pd teks deskripsi: - It can be seen from the picture that… table graph diagram chart statistics figures percentage Atau: - As (it is) shown in Table 2, … - As can be seen from / in Graph 1, … - According to Chart 3, …. n

Atau: - As (it is shown in the - As can be seen from/in the - According to the Atau: -Table 2 -Graph 1 -Chart 3 -Diagram 2 shown that… picture, … table, … graph, … diagram, … chart, … statistics, … figures…

Ciri kebahasaan teks eksplansi: n n n Berfokus pd pelaku bukan pelaku secara umum, artinya yang lebih penting adalah pokok yg dijelaskan bukan, org yang menjelaskan Lebih banyak menggunakan present tense Lebih banyak menggunakan kata kerja material dan relasional Memanfaatkan bentuk pasif untuk memberikan tekanan pada tema Menggunakan konjungsi temporal dan kausal seperti; as, when, since, because, so dan therefore. Selain itu hubungan sebab akibat dpt dinyatakan dengan kata kerja seperti: cause, make, produce, result in, etc. Ekplanasi ditulis untuk membuat justifikasi bahwa sesuatu yg diterangkan secara kausal itu benar adanya

Formula bahasa yang lazim pada teks Eksplanasi: Dengan konjungsi: Sedimentation Occurs n Atau: Sedimentation occurs Atau: There are erosions, because of as a result of as a consequence of on the account of owing to due to through erosions because there are erosions since as if when thus so, sedimentation occur

Atau: There are erosions. thus, sedimentation occurs. so, as a result, therefore, Hence, Accordingly, Consequently, That is why.

n Dengan kata kerja - Sedimentation Atau, Erosions is caused lead to result in cause make produce Dengan kata benda: - The effect of erosions One result The consequence Atau: The cause of sedimentation The reason for by erosions. sedimentation. n is sedimentation. is erosions.

Teks Eksposisi n n Teks eksposisi (exposition) adalah teks yang menyajikan pendapat atau gagasan yg dilihat dari satu sudut pandang dan berfungsi untuk menyakinkan pihak lain bahwa yang apa yg disampaikan benar berdsarkan argumentasi atau alasan yg diajukan

Contoh Teks Eksposisi: GAM IS UNTRUSTWORTHY From Koran Tempo The Cessation of Hostilities Agreement between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian government, inked in Geneva, Switzerland, some time ago, has allowed free rein to GAM’s activities. Since the singing og agreement, GAM has already committed some 300 acts of violence in Naggroe Aceh Darrussalam (NAD). Why have we let happen? Four mounths have elapsed and nothing of significance has been achieved.

Ciri teks Eksposisi n n Secara kebahasaan teks eksposisi disusun dg ciri-ciri menonjol sbb: Teks eksposisi berisi pandangan pribadi penulisnya dan ditandai dg penggunaan kata ganti “I” atau “we” Teks eksposisi mencakup penggunaan kata kerja material, relasional dan mental sekaligus, seperti: I believe that… atau I think… Teks eksposisi memuat argumentasi satu sisi dan jumalh argumentasi tidak ditentukan. Selain merupakan milik penulis sendiri, dapat pula dikembangkan dari pendapat umum yg diambil dari sumber lain yg disebutkan sebagai referensi

Formula bahasa yg lazim pada teks eksposisi: n Untuk mempengaruhi orang alain: - There no doubt that… - I (strongly) believe - It is obious - It is clear - It is undeniable - It is unavoidable - etc

n n Untuk menggalang pendapat umum: - It is Generally believe Commonly accepted widely argued that… Untuk membuat kesimpulan: - In conclusion, it can be stated that…. - To conclude, - Therefore, - Altogether, - On the whole, - In all, - Finally,

atau - From the statement, Above, From the facts, On this basis, it can be concluded that…. Kosa kata yang mungkin dibutuhkan: Kata sifat Kata kerja - Clear - argue - Obvious - believe - Evident - state - True - conclude - point out Kata Benda - argument - belief - statement - conclusion - point

Konjungsi - inconclusion - to conclude - therefore - altogether - on the whole - in all - First - second - Finally Kata Keterangan - generally - commonly - widely - usually

Teks Diskusi n Teks diskusi adalah teks yg menyajikan sebuah isu yg ditinjau darai dua sudut pandang, yaitu sudut pandang yang mendukung isu yang dikemukakan, sedang sudut pandang yang lain menentang isu itu.

Contoh Teks Diskusi: Using Nuclear Energy Should Be Avoided For the Sake Of Environmental Safety Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the crisis of energy. The debate whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end. Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits. Some others , however, disagree because of its risks to environment. For the sake of the environmental safety , nuclear energy should be avoided. Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually argue that the energy produced from them can be used for multipurpose. The reactors can produce radioisotopes utilized in medical , industrial , and agricultural fields. They also claim that nuclear energy is the only feasible choice to answer the everincreasing energy needs. According to them , the other sources of energy : oil, coal , and liquid natural gas are not renewable and safe , while nuclear energy can be sustainable produced in a safe way.

Ciri teks diskusi Bentuk bahasa yg menandai teks diskusi sbb: n Teks diskusi lebih banyak menggunakan simple Present tenses. n Teks diskusi mengandung kata kerja material, relasional, dan mental sekaligus. pada contoh , kata kerja material di garisbawahi , kata kerja relasional dicetak tebal , dan kata kerja mental di beri garis ganda. n Teks diskusi menggunakan modalitas untuk membangun opini atau rekomendasi. Pada contoh modalitas yang dimaksud adalah should (di cetak tebal dan miring) , yang lebih mengarah kepada saran atau anjuran. n konjungsi yang menonjol pada teks diskusi adalah onjungsi yang menunjukan kontras , seperti but,

Formulasi bahasa pd teks diskusi: Tax intensification Is good for people The government but, however, it is hard for nevertheless, to pay in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, meanwhile

Kosa kata yang mungkin dibutuhkan pada teks diskusi: n Kata kerja - argue - state - claim - believe - insist - suggest - support - critize - confront -etc Kata benda - argument (for, against) - bilief - claim - suggestion - recommendation - consideration - significance - criticism - confrontation

Konjungsi / preposisi yang menandai teks diskusi: n Konjungsi/preposisi - but - however - nevertheless - in contrast (to) - contrary to - on the other hand - instead - for - against - in favour of Kata Sifat - (completely) different - divergent - contradictory - advantageous - disadvantageous - beneficial - meaningful - meaningless - main - weak/bad, strong/good