Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation Niloy Ganguly
![Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation Niloy Ganguly IIT Kharagpur National Conference on Decentralized Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation Niloy Ganguly IIT Kharagpur National Conference on Decentralized](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-1.jpg)
Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation Niloy Ganguly IIT Kharagpur National Conference on Decentralized Innovation: Focus on Rural and Small Urban Enterprises 16 -17 March 2007 SNA 20006
![Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-2.jpg)
Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P 2 p in social perspective n Random thoughts Emerging Technologies n Ultra cheap Telephony n
![Peer To Peer Network Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers n Simple n Inexpensive Peer To Peer Network Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers n Simple n Inexpensive](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-3.jpg)
Peer To Peer Network Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers n Simple n Inexpensive n No Boss n No Regulation
![Peer To Peer Network Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers n Simple n Inexpensive Peer To Peer Network Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers n Simple n Inexpensive](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-4.jpg)
Peer To Peer Network Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers n Simple n Inexpensive n No Boss n No Regulation
![Peer To Peer Network PCs at the edge of the network are called “Peers” Peer To Peer Network PCs at the edge of the network are called “Peers”](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-5.jpg)
Peer To Peer Network PCs at the edge of the network are called “Peers” Peers can retrieve objects directly from each other Advantages of a P 2 P Network A large collection of peers may be available for content distribution-sometimes millions! User takes advantage of the network’s currently available resources.
![Application – File sharing Machines exchange files within themselves Each machine shares a set Application – File sharing Machines exchange files within themselves Each machine shares a set](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-6.jpg)
Application – File sharing Machines exchange files within themselves Each machine shares a set of files P 2 P networks generate more traffic than any other internet application 2/3 of all bandwidth on some backbones Topology of Gnutella Network
![Application – File sharing Application – File sharing](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-7.jpg)
Application – File sharing
![Skype Application – Internet Telephony n. Vo. IP: Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) n Skype Application – Internet Telephony n. Vo. IP: Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) n](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-8.jpg)
Skype Application – Internet Telephony n. Vo. IP: Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) n Telephony over the Internet n. Skype: n n n Most popular Vo. IP application Free calls to other Skype users Cheap calls (~ 1 p/min) to landlines & mobiles Various add-on facilities also available
![Skype Application – Internet Telephony n. Skype n n as a telephone Skype can Skype Application – Internet Telephony n. Skype n n as a telephone Skype can](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-9.jpg)
Skype Application – Internet Telephony n. Skype n n as a telephone Skype can be used as a conventional telephone Particularly useful on laptops for the traveller Sense of presence – know if recipient is online (can switch off) Instant messaging n. Additional n n features: Integration with Web browser (sharing browsing) Video Skype
![Usage Scenarios n. How n n n n Skype can be used: Conventional phone Usage Scenarios n. How n n n n Skype can be used: Conventional phone](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-10.jpg)
Usage Scenarios n. How n n n n Skype can be used: Conventional phone replacement (office/home) On laptops, when travelling Conference calls (on-the-fly) Listening in to lectures (nb. accessibility benefits) Recording talks (e. g. interviews for Podcasts) Support for remote workers Help desk support (e. g. Vo. IP-based Ask Me reference desk) ….
![Application – Distributed Processing Huge number crunching for Cancer Research Seti@Home - Search for Application – Distributed Processing Huge number crunching for Cancer Research Seti@Home - Search for](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-11.jpg)
Application – Distributed Processing Huge number crunching for Cancer Research Seti@Home - Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Two million computers crunching data gathered from the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico. The project produces over 15 teraflops[4] of processing throughput. As a comparison, ANSI white, the world's most powerful supercomputer, produces 12 teraflops of processing throughput at a cost of us$110 million.
![Application – Publisher Subscribe TSX NYSE Stock markets AMG Publisher N=5 8 HON=24 12 Application – Publisher Subscribe TSX NYSE Stock markets AMG Publisher N=5 8 HON=24 12](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-12.jpg)
Application – Publisher Subscribe TSX NYSE Stock markets AMG Publisher N=5 8 HON=24 12 ORCL= MSFT =27 Notification Subscriber Subscriptions: IBM > 85 ORCL < 10 JNJ > 60 NASDAQ Publisher 84 Publications Broker Network Subscriptions = IBM =19 INTC JNJ= Notification Subscriber 58
![Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-13.jpg)
Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P 2 p in social perspective n Random thoughts Emerging Technologies n Ultra cheap Telephony n
![Placing p 2 p in the context of the evolution of technology n n Placing p 2 p in the context of the evolution of technology n n](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-14.jpg)
Placing p 2 p in the context of the evolution of technology n n Tribal-era technologies – extremities of limbs Agricultural technologies – extension of muscular systems Industrial era – central body and internal metabolic functions Information age – nervous system (telephone and telegraph), mind (computer),
![Placing p 2 p in the context of the evolution of technology Participative but Placing p 2 p in the context of the evolution of technology Participative but](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-15.jpg)
Placing p 2 p in the context of the evolution of technology Participative but not differentiated n Differentiated but not participative n n n Humans become dumb extension of machine Machine become intelligent n n Machine seen as extension of brain rather than limbs A participation paradigm arises
![Hacker ethics Mass intellectuality increases through formal and informal education n Meaning in life Hacker ethics Mass intellectuality increases through formal and informal education n Meaning in life](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-16.jpg)
Hacker ethics Mass intellectuality increases through formal and informal education n Meaning in life is no longer sought in the sphere of salaried work but through in life in general. n Entertainment is sought through “work” guiding free software production (socialization) n
![Emergence of p 2 p network n Technological artifacts are a social construction, reflecting Emergence of p 2 p network n Technological artifacts are a social construction, reflecting](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-17.jpg)
Emergence of p 2 p network n Technological artifacts are a social construction, reflecting various social interests n n n Capital, engineering communities, critical voice within society, consumers Internet was explicitly defined to enable peer-to peer collaboration Technology reflects a new way of being or feeling
![Emergence of Peer to peer network n n One-to-one to many-to-many media Information abundance Emergence of Peer to peer network n n One-to-one to many-to-many media Information abundance](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-18.jpg)
Emergence of Peer to peer network n n One-to-one to many-to-many media Information abundance Redundancy of information Hence extremely robust p 2 p networks emerge
![Corporate Changes n n Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes Corporate Changes n n Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-19.jpg)
Corporate Changes n n Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes flow and integration of endless flow
![Corporate Changes n n n Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword Corporate Changes n n n Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-20.jpg)
Corporate Changes n n n Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost For business process, keyword becomes flow and integration of endless flow Flattening of hierarchy n n n Sub-unit becomes complex, hence to be granted more autonomy What is produced and not how is it produced. Peer to peer form of communication is becoming imperative for corporate competitiveness
![Communism of Capital Processes no longer internally integrated, externally integrated in vast webs of Communism of Capital Processes no longer internally integrated, externally integrated in vast webs of](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-21.jpg)
Communism of Capital Processes no longer internally integrated, externally integrated in vast webs of intercompany cooperation. n Potential damaging consumers. n Workers learning in a series of interaction/ training program n Complexity, innovation-dependent and time -based n E-bay, amazon – consumer feedback n
![Distributed Innovation Open software n n Free software – rejects the ownership of software Distributed Innovation Open software n n Free software – rejects the ownership of software](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-22.jpg)
Distributed Innovation Open software n n Free software – rejects the ownership of software Open Source – ownership is there but one can change n n n Within the systems but partly transcends it Attractive for efficiency Used by IBM and Microsoft’s rival, EU Internet infrastructure – Apache server, Linux P 2 p dialogues are not representative dialogues in which participants represent their various religions, rather they are encounters of composite and hybrid experience in which each full expresses his different understanding, building a spiritual commons.
![Distributed Innovation Deinstitutionalization No formal rules to engage in knowledge exchange (no formal degrees) Distributed Innovation Deinstitutionalization No formal rules to engage in knowledge exchange (no formal degrees)](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-23.jpg)
Distributed Innovation Deinstitutionalization No formal rules to engage in knowledge exchange (no formal degrees) n Open Universities – university of Openness n n The uo is a framework in which individuals and organizations can pursue their shared interest Any member may start a faculty to socialize their research with the Uo. News regulation (trustworthiness) n No need of any Wall Street journal
![Distributed Innovation Dot-com burst and decommodification n Dotcom burst shows use value cannot be Distributed Innovation Dot-com burst and decommodification n Dotcom burst shows use value cannot be](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-24.jpg)
Distributed Innovation Dot-com burst and decommodification n Dotcom burst shows use value cannot be converted to exchange value P 2 p creates massive use-value, but no automatic exchange value and thus it cannot fund itself P 2 p sphere can work with more and more autonomy, creating more and more use value, slowly creating a cohesive system within system
![Marginal trend or premise of new civilization Historical development of capitalism in 11 th Marginal trend or premise of new civilization Historical development of capitalism in 11 th](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-25.jpg)
Marginal trend or premise of new civilization Historical development of capitalism in 11 th to 13 th century n Roman empire n Bernat poirot-delpech in Le Monde – nothing ever changes, we are bored with this country n Argentina after the economic shock n
![Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-26.jpg)
Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P 2 p in social perspective n Random thoughts Emerging Technologies n Ultra cheap Telephony n
![Emerging Technology – Grid and cluster Supercomputer formed by connecting together a number of Emerging Technology – Grid and cluster Supercomputer formed by connecting together a number of](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-27.jpg)
Emerging Technology – Grid and cluster Supercomputer formed by connecting together a number of small computers with high speed interconnectivity
![Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network A network where the nodes are the mobile devices. Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network A network where the nodes are the mobile devices.](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-28.jpg)
Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network A network where the nodes are the mobile devices. Mobile devices themselves form connectivity within themselves without the help of any base station
![Emerging Technology – Mesh Network A network of low cost mesh, some of the Emerging Technology – Mesh Network A network of low cost mesh, some of the](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-29.jpg)
Emerging Technology – Mesh Network A network of low cost mesh, some of the meshes having satellite connection
![Emerging Technology – Delay Tolerant Network No need of connection-oriented network. Here nodes act Emerging Technology – Delay Tolerant Network No need of connection-oriented network. Here nodes act](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-30.jpg)
Emerging Technology – Delay Tolerant Network No need of connection-oriented network. Here nodes act as post-man carrying the information to the destination
![Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-31.jpg)
Talk Overview n Peer to peer networks n n Introduction and various utilities P 2 p in social perspective n Random thoughts Emerging Technologies n Ultra cheap Telephony n
![Bangladesh (Grameen. Phone) n n n ü ü A few phones (or just one) Bangladesh (Grameen. Phone) n n n ü ü A few phones (or just one)](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-32.jpg)
Bangladesh (Grameen. Phone) n n n ü ü A few phones (or just one) cover a whole village ”Telephone ladies” = entrepreneurs: they buy phones and other equipment, & then charge for their use Loans (microcredit) from Grameen Bank, support from Grameen Telecom Grameen Phone uses GSM (not the cheapest technology), but charges ½ the urban rate for local calls (0. 04$/min in 2001) Everyone wins! Farmers & other callers save $$ Telephone ladies earn well, gain independence & respect Grameen Phone earns $$ (major owner: Telenor!) Grameen Bank earns $$, Nobel Peace Prize
![Local = low cost Ruralfone (Brazil) n n n Standard GSM is used, but Local = low cost Ruralfone (Brazil) n n n Standard GSM is used, but](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-33.jpg)
Local = low cost Ruralfone (Brazil) n n n Standard GSM is used, but all equipment is produced in Brazil low cost Other needed goods purchased locally when possible Employees are all locally hired (except 2 on management team) Intense local interaction & contact with customers Local calls (in town) are cheap n n n unlimited local calls 16$/month, or Plano Basico, local calls, 0. 10$/min Launched in Quixadá May 2005, profitable after 10 mos
![Mesh in the jungle Yachana (FUNEDESIN), Amazonas, Ecuador n n n Isolated complex (2. Mesh in the jungle Yachana (FUNEDESIN), Amazonas, Ecuador n n n Isolated complex (2.](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-34.jpg)
Mesh in the jungle Yachana (FUNEDESIN), Amazonas, Ecuador n n n Isolated complex (2. 5 hours by motorized canoe): high school, ecotourism lodge, science center, medical clinic, offices Wireless broadband (Wi. Fi) in a mesh network (manyto-many, so access points are also routers) Vo. IP over the Wi. Fi mesh Solar power, satellite uplink Vo. IP to Skype: cheap, but has a delay Plans to link to the cellphone network
![Towards ultra-cheap telephony (Telenor R&I project) n Choose wireless broadband in unlicensed band n Towards ultra-cheap telephony (Telenor R&I project) n Choose wireless broadband in unlicensed band n](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-35.jpg)
Towards ultra-cheap telephony (Telenor R&I project) n Choose wireless broadband in unlicensed band n n n focus on stand-alone but accessible communities n n no license fee mass-produced components low cost mesh topology, smart antennas open source software handset is not (yet) cheap local calls can be very cheap estimate: 70— 80% of calls are local backhaul: wireless point-to-point connection to nearest town with cellular network A possible cost target: 0. 0015$/minute for local calls
![What about peer-to-peer? n n P 2 P works best on top of reliable What about peer-to-peer? n n P 2 P works best on top of reliable](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-36.jpg)
What about peer-to-peer? n n P 2 P works best on top of reliable connections, building an ’overlay network’ So other technologies are needed for cheap local access, while P 2 P can give very cheap connection on a global scale Internet P 2 P; cheap local cheap backhaul maybe expensive
![](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-37.jpg)
![Evolution of Collective Intelligence n n Tribal Intelligence Pyramidal Structure Swarm Intelligence Collective Intelligence Evolution of Collective Intelligence n n Tribal Intelligence Pyramidal Structure Swarm Intelligence Collective Intelligence](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-38.jpg)
Evolution of Collective Intelligence n n Tribal Intelligence Pyramidal Structure Swarm Intelligence Collective Intelligence n n n Sufficient money Open standard Information system to regulate symbolic exchange Permanent connection with cyberspace Personal development to acquire the capabilities of such cooperation
![Cognitive Capitalists All assets abstracted into stocks, predominance of immaterial flows n Knowledge workers Cognitive Capitalists All assets abstracted into stocks, predominance of immaterial flows n Knowledge workers](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-39.jpg)
Cognitive Capitalists All assets abstracted into stocks, predominance of immaterial flows n Knowledge workers clearly becomes the key sector of the multitudes n Vectorial class - hacker class producing new means of production n
![P 2 p Dialogues n P 2 p dialogues are not representative dialogues in P 2 p Dialogues n P 2 p dialogues are not representative dialogues in](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-40.jpg)
P 2 p Dialogues n P 2 p dialogues are not representative dialogues in which participants represent their various religions , rather they are encounters of composite and hybrid experience in which each full expresses his different understanding, building a spiritual commons.
![Three scenarios of co-existence Peaceful co-existence n Cognitive capitalism partly incorporates, partly destroying p Three scenarios of co-existence Peaceful co-existence n Cognitive capitalism partly incorporates, partly destroying p](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-41.jpg)
Three scenarios of co-existence Peaceful co-existence n Cognitive capitalism partly incorporates, partly destroying p 2 p ethos. n P 2 p sphere can work with more and more autonomy, creating more and more use value, slowly creating a cohesive system within system. n
![Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/5645ff3fd91f6a2913b9bc36ca1c43fd/image-42.jpg)
Emerging Technology – Adhoc Network
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