Pearsons Comprehensive Medical Assisting Administrative and Clinical Competencies
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Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting Administrative and Clinical Competencies THIRD EDITION CHAPTER 33 The Reproductive System Lesson 1: The Female Reproductive System Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter. 2. Identify the structures of the female reproductive system and briefly explain the function of each. 3. Explain the four stages of the menstrual cycle. Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Function is to perpetuate the species through sexual reproduction § Primary Sex Organs • Ovaries Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Function is to perpetuate the species through sexual reproduction § Accessory Sex Organs • • • Uterus Fallopian (uterine) tubes Vagina Vulva Breasts Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Critical Thinking Question 1. What are the purposes of the female reproductive system? Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
FIGURE 33 -1 The female reproductive system. Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Two ovaries § Located on either side of uterus § Almond-shaped organs attached to uterus by the ovarian ligaments Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Each ovary is about 1 -1⁄2 inches long, 3⁄4 -inch wide, 1⁄2 -inch thick § Produce ova (plural of ovum), or eggs § Produce hormones Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
FIGURE 33 -2 The ovary. Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Lie close to the fimbriae of fallopian tubes § Fimbriae are fingerlike processes that help propel the ovum toward the fallopian tube after it is discharged from the ovary § Two distinct microscopic divisions: cortex (outer layer) and medulla (inner layer) Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Cortex contains small secretory sacs called follicles, which hold the ova in different stages of development: primary, secondary, Graafian (mature) § Medulla contains connective tissue, nerves, blood, lymphatic vessels Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Anterior lobe of pituitary gland controls the ovary through production of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) § FSH instrumental in development of the follicle nurturing the ovum § LH stimulates development of corpus luteum, a small mass of cells that develops after release of the ovum Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Ovulation • Each month, a Graafian follicle ruptures on ovarian cortex, and an ovum is released into pelvic cavity and into one of the fallopian tubes § Hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced by ovaries; play key roles in reproductive system Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Estrogen is female sex hormone secreted by the follicles § Progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § These hormones: • Prepare uterus for pregnancy • Promote development of mammary glands • Play major role in woman's emotional well-being and sexual drive Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries § Both hormones responsible for promoting growth, development, and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and organs • • Enlarged breasts Less facial hair Functional mammary glands Smoother skin texture Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Uterus § Hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ located in anterior portion of pelvic cavity, above bladder and in front of rectum • Upper portion (body) • Central portion (isthmus) • Neck (cervix) Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
FIGURE 33 -3 The uterus and associated structures. Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Uterus § Fundus • Rounded surface of uterine body that extends from internal os (mouth) of cervix upward above fallopian tube Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Uterus § Ligaments support uterus and hold it in place • Two broad ligaments • Two round ligaments • Two uterosacral ligaments Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Uterus § Uterine wall has three layers • Perimetrium (outer layer) • Myometrium (muscular middle layer) • Endometrium (mucous membrane lining inner surface) § Endometrium composed of columnar epithelium and connective tissue and supplied with arterial blood Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Uterus § On a monthly cycle, menstruation occurs as endometrium is shed in response to hormonal changes § Provides nourishment and protection to fetus during pregnancy § During labor, myometrium contracts rhythmically to expel fetus from uterus Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Fallopian Tubes § Referred to as uterine tubes or oviducts § Extend laterally from each side of uterus and bend inward toward each ovary Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Fallopian Tubes § Serve as ducts to move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and to move spermatozoa from uterus toward the ovary § Each tube about 4 1⁄2 inches long and 1⁄4 -inch wide Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Fallopian Tubes § Serous layer • Outermost and made of connective tissue § Middle layer • Muscular and made of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle § Mucosal layer • Innermost and consists of simple columnar epithelium Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Fallopian Tubes § Isthmus is constricted portion of tube nearest uterus § Tube continues laterally from isthmus to ampulla, where it widens until it forms a funnel-shaped opening called the ostium § Fimbriae project from ostium and attach to ovary Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Vagina § Tube composed of muscle and membranes § Extends from vestibule to the uterus § 4 to 6 inches in length § Situated between bladder and rectum Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Vagina § Hymen (fold of membrane) partially covers external opening of vagina § When a woman engages in sexual intercourse for first time, hymen is ruptured Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Vagina § Organ of female copulation § Passageway for discharge of menstruation § Passageway for birth of the fetus Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Vulva § Made up of five organs that constitute the external female genitalia § Mons pubis • Pad of fatty, triangular-shaped fatty tissue covered with hair after puberty Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Vulva § Labia majora • Two liplike folds of adipose tissue on either side of vaginal opening § Labia minora • Two thin folds of skin within labia majora enclosing the vestibule Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Vulva § Vestibule • Cleft between labia minora; urethra, vagina, two excretory ducts of Bartholin's glands § Clitoris • Small organ of erectile tissue that has numerous sensory nerves Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Vulva § Between vulva and anus is the perineum § Episiotomy: procedure performed to prevent tearing of perineum during childbirth Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
FIGURE 33 -4 The structures of the vulva. Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Breast § Breasts (mammary glands) are rounded structures made of fatty, glandular and fibrous tissue that protrude from the chest § Each has numerous alveolar glands that form 12 to 15 distinct tissue lobes separated by connecting tissue § Areola is the dark, pigmented circular area of skin found on each breast Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
FIGURE 33 -5 The breast. Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Breast § Nipple is elevated area in center of the areola § During lactation, milk flows from the lobes of the mammary glands through ampulla, and then through lactiferous ducts in nipple to suckling infant Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Female Reproductive System • Breast § Prolactin, a hormone produced by anterior lobe of pituitary, stimulates mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Menstrual Cycle • Menarche § Onset of menstrual cycles, occurs at age of puberty • Menopause § Cessation of menstrual cycles typically occurs in mid-life or later • Typically, menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days but can vary from 28 to 35 days in adult female Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Menstrual Cycle • Menstruation Phase § Discharge of bloody fluid from uterus as endometrium is shed § Caused by decreased estrogen and progesterone levels Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Menstrual Cycle • Menstruation Phase § Word "period" is a slang term used to describe this phase of the menstrual cycle § Length averages 4 to 6 days § First day of blood discharge considered first day of the cycle Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Menstrual Cycle • Follicular Phase (proliferation phase) § Thickening and vascularization of endometrium § Maturing of ovarian follicle caused by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) § Begins on about fifth day of the cycle § Lasts until eruption of Graafian follicle at about day 14 Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Menstrual Cycle • Ovulation (ovulatory stage) § Begins on day the ovum is released from the follicle triggered by luteinizing hormone § Body preparing for possible pregnancy by preparing endometrium to support early developmental phase of an embryo § This is when a woman is most fertile and able to conceive Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Menstrual Cycle • Luteal Phase § Swelling and continued thickening of endometrium § Corpus luteum in ovary is developing and secreting progesterone at this time § Progesterone level highest during this phase, and estrogen level begins to decrease Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
The Menstrual Cycle • Luteal Phase § If the ovum is not fertilized during this phase, the egg dies § Phase ends with the onset of menstruation Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Pregnancy (gestation) begins with conception and ends with birthing process • Conception occurs when a spermatozoa fertilizes an ovum during intercourse Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Occurs during ovulation phase of woman's menstrual cycle • Through ejaculation, semen, containing fluids and more than 40 million sperm cells, deposited into woman's vagina Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Only one sperm is able to unite with the ovum, resulting in fertilization • When 23 chromosomes of the ovum and 23 chromosomes of sperm unite, a mononuclear fusion is formed and result is a zygote containing 46 chromosomes Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Zygote travels down fallopian tubes and into uterus and implants within endometrial wall • Once implanted, zygote undergoes cellular changes from within and develops into an embryo Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Prenatal Care § Important for mothers to receive routine prenatal care from obstetricians § Full-term, healthy pregnancy will last approximately 40 weeks § 40 weeks divided into three trimesters § Each trimester marks specific development changes for both fetus and the mother Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The First Trimester § Begins with conception and ends around 12 th week of gestation § Growing embryo develops into fetus; occurs after 8 th week of pregnancy Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The First Trimester § First 8 weeks of gestation embryonic period • • • Development of placenta Development of amnion Development of umbilical cord Development of yolk sac External and internal structures formed Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The First Trimester § 9 th week of gestation, fetal period begins and will continue until birth Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The First Trimester § During fetal period, growth extremely rapid • Organs have formed and begin to function • Eyelids develop though they are fused shut • Baby's heartbeat can be heard through ultrasound Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
FIGURE 33 -6 Embryo and fetal development during weeks 1– 25 of gestation. martin schrampf/imagebroker. net/Super. Stock Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The Second Trimester § Between weeks 13 and 27 § Mother begins to show signs of pregnancy, including protruding abdomen § Fetal movements begin to be felt Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The Second Trimester § Soft hair (lanugo) begins to develop on shoulders, head, and back of fetus § Baby can make facial expressions and begins sucking thumb Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The Second Trimester § Sex of baby can be identified § Baby can hear mother's heartbeat and sounds from outside womb (uterus) § Brain growing rapidly § Taste buds developing Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The Third Trimester § Lasts from 28 th week to childbirth § Around week 30, baby has assumed birthing position (head-down toward cervix) § Week 37, fetus considered full-term § Can be born with very minimal complications because lungs are fully developed Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Abruptio Placentae § Emergency condition in which placenta tears away from uterine wall after 20 th week of pregnancy § Requires immediate birth of the baby • Breech Presentation § Position of fetus within uterus in which buttocks or feet are presented first for birth rather than the head Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Eclampsia § Condition in which mother experiences convulsive seizures and coma occurring between 20 th week of pregnancy and first week postpartum Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Ectopic Pregnancy § Fetus abnormally implanted outside uterine cavity; known as tubal pregnancy if implanted in a fallopian tube § Requires immediate surgery Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Placenta Previa § Condition in which placenta is attached to lower portion of uterus, blocking birth canal Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Preeclampsia § Toxemia of pregnancy that if untreated can result in true eclampsia § Symptoms include hypertension, headaches, albumin in the urine, and edema Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Premature Birth § Childbirth in which infant (neonate) born before 37 th week of gestation (pregnancy) Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Rh Factor § Condition that can develop in a baby when mother's blood type is Rh negative and baby's Rh positive § Baby's red blood cells can be destroyed as a result of this condition § Treatment: early diagnosis; blood transfusion Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Complications During Pregnancy • Spontaneous Abortion § Loss of a fetus without any artificial aid § Also called miscarriage • Stillbirth § Birth in which fetus dies before or at time of birth Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The Process of Birth § Throughout pregnancy, hormonal changes contribute to help sustain the growing and developing fetus § Hormonal changes at the end of pregnancy allow for childbirth and contractions to begin § Contraction occurs within muscular wall of uterus and helps with moving fetus through birth canal Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The Process of Birth § When a woman begins childbirth, she is said to be in labor § Amount of time will vary; generally, 12 to 24 hours; shortens with subsequent childbirths Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • The Process of Birth § Childbirth occurs in three distinct stages • Dilation • Expulsion • Placental Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Dilation § First and longest stage of labor § Cervix begins to thin and soften during process known as effacement § During effacement, cervix begins to dilate, which will allow fetus to pass through birth canal Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Dilation § Regular contractions of uterine wall begin to occur and are timed § Process of dilation divided into three stages Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Expulsion § Actual birth of baby § Occurs when cervix fully dilated at 10 cm § Fetus begins to travel from uterus into vagina through very strong and forceful contractions Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Expulsion § Mother will experience strong urges to bear down and push baby out of birth canal § Length of this stage can range from several minutes to several hours Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Placental Stage § After baby has been born, third and final stage of childbirth begins § Also known as afterbirth § Occurs approximately 15 minutes after birth of the baby Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Placental Stage § Placenta begins to separate from uterine wall § Contractions, although much milder, still occur during this phase to allow for placenta to be expelled from mother's body Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
FIGURE 33 -7 A doctor showing the placenta after childbirth. Kurt Drubbel/Getty Images Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Caesarian Section § Performed when a mother is unable to vaginally deliver a baby § Referred to as C-section § Surgical procedure allows for birth of the baby through incision made in abdominal wall of the mother Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Caesarian Section § Baby is in breech position § Decrease in supply of oxygen to placenta before birth (an emergency situation) § Baby expected to weigh more than 9 pounds Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Pregnancy • Caesarian Section § Maternal health conditions that make vaginal birth unsafe for either mother or baby § Previous history of complications during pregnancy (may be considered a planned C-section) Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Contraception • Also known as birth control • Reduces risk of an unwanted pregnancy Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Contraception • Methods § § § Barrier methods Hormonal methods Sterilization Intrauterine methods Coitus interruptus (withdrawal) Rhythm method Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Contraception • Methods § § § Male condom Female condom Diaphragm Spermicides Birth control pills Birth control patch Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Contraception • Methods § § § Injectable birth control Vaginal ring Copper IUD Hormonal IUD Tubal ligation Vasectomy Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Couple unable to conceive a child • Primary infertility diagnosed after 12 consecutive months of trying to conceive without success • Secondary infertility diagnosed if couple has had one pregnancy but has been unsuccessful at conceiving for a second time Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Caused by multiple factors • Can be result of medical issues stemming from either the male or the female • Infertility in men is not age related • After the age of 40, conceiving a child becomes more difficult for a woman Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Factors Affecting Infertility in Women § Irregular menstrual cycles, lack of ovulation § Endometriosis § Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and other issues related to hormonal imbalances Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Factors Affecting Infertility in Women § Scarring of reproductive organs as a result of sexually transmitted diseases § Structural issues with reproductive organs, such as abnormally shaped uterus or cervix Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Factors Affecting Infertility in Men § Scarring of reproductive organs as a result of sexually transmitted diseases § Impotence and decreased testosterone production Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Factors Affecting Infertility in Men § Low or nonexistent sperm count § Current or previous diseases, specifically a history of mumps that infected the testes or an inflammation of testes or epididymis Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Factors Affecting Infertility in Men § Use and overuse of certain drugs or medications, such as prolonged use of anabolic steroids, testosterone replacement therapy, chemotherapy, and certain antifungal medications Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Couple hoping to conceive will receive counseling regarding testing options and procedures available to diagnose and pinpoint cause of couple's infertility • Type and extent of treatment depends on underlying cause Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Infertility • Surgery to repair scarred reproductive organs or to remove endometriosis • Hormonal therapies • Medications designed to increase fertility Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly
Questions? Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Copyright © 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Administrative and Clinical Competencies, 3/e All Rights Reserved Beaman | Routh | Papazian-Boyce | Sesser | Mills | Maly