Peace At Any Price IMPERIALISM ALASKA HAWAII SPANISH

Peace At Any Price

IMPERIALISM ● ALASKA ● HAWAII ● SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (1898) ● PUERTO RICO ● GUAM ● PHILIPPINES ● CUBA ● PLATT AMENDMENT ● GREAT WHITE FLEET ● OPEN DOOR POLICY ● PANAMA CANAL ● INTERVENTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA (1890’S THROUGH 1930’S)

A Shift Towards Isolationism 1920’s & 1930’s Foreign Policy ● Washington Conference (1921 -1922) and the 5 Power Naval Treaty ● An attempt to move away from large navies ● Small militaries = Smaller chance of war ● Refusal to join the League of Nations ● Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) ● Outlawed war unless it was a defensive war ● War Debt Policy ● America insisted that war debts be paid ● Major mistake…. Germany hyper-inflates its currency to pay off debts ● Johnson Debt Default Act (1934) ● US prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing anything from the US

FDR and Isolationism ● FDR decided to withdraw from the rest of the world ● London Conference (1933): ● An attempt by the Europeans to encourage global trade and alleviate the worldwide depression ● US pulls out of the conference and the crisis continues ● ● Opens the door for dictators to come to power Withdrawal From Asia ● Tydings-Mc. Duffie Act (1934): ● Gave the Philippines their independence in 12 years with favorable terms for the US ● A VERY DARK PERIOD ENDED IN AMERICAN HISTORY ● Latin American intervention is ended with the Good Neighbor policy (1933) ● LAST TROOPS LEFT HAITI IN 1934 ● Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act does improve economic relations with Latin America

While America Withdraws…. Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Communist Soviet Union Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin

Francisco Franco-Spain

Neutrality Acts ● Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937: when the president acknowledged a foreign war NO business could be done with the belligerent nations ● SENATOR GERALD NYE ● US would not even help innocent nations that were attacked ● Ignored ● Democratic Spain being attacked by fascists ● China being invaded by Japan ● Ethiopia invaded by Italy

FDR Gives His Quarantine Speech (1937) ● Response to Japanese and Italian aggression ● ● US pledged to stop interacting with these aggressive nations (embargos) PANAY INCIDENT (1937) ● AMERICAN SHIP SUNK BY JAPANESE AND THE AMERICANS MERELY ACCEPTED AN APOLOGY

“Britain and France had to choose between war and shame. They chose shame. They will get war too. ” Appeasement ● Hitler demanded all German people live under one flag ● Germany remilitarized ● Rhineland was rearmed ● Annexed Austria ● Annexed Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)

Was appeasement a mistake at the time or the right decision?

Appeasement Leads to War ● Hitler knew that Europe was weak… ● Europe was ripe for the picking ● Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact ● Germany and Soviet Union (Russia) hate each other ● Hitler doesn’t want a two front war ● Soviet Union wants some of its territory back ● Germany and Soviet Union agree to carve up Poland

War in Europe ● Germany invaded Poland (Sept 1, 1939) ● Blitzkrieg: LIGHTNING War ● France and Great Britain declared war on Germany ● WWII began… ● Poland fell in one month ● By 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, and France fall

Cash-and-Carry Policy (1939) ● Neutrality Act of 1939 established the Cash-and-Carry policy ● Cash-and-Carry Policy: US would sell war materials to the allies as long as they could pay for the materials and transport it themselves ● At this point only 2. 5% of Americans supported entering the conflict ● ● FDR’s hands were tied War business began to pull the US out of the Great Depression

Destroyers for Bases Deal (1940) ● British was in horrible position when France fell ● FDR does what he can to help ● Destroyers-for-Bases Deal (1940) ● 50 destroyers for British bases ● Major violation of neutrality ● America First Committee led the fight to keep the US neutral ● “Fortress America”

FDR Gets the Military Ready ● FDR initiates a peacetime draft (1940) ● 1. 2 million troops and 800, 000 reserves drafted and trained for war every year

Lend Lease Act of 1940 ● FDR won an unprecedented 3 rd term ● Lend Lease Plan ● Great Britain could no longer pay US for war supplies ● Plan said President could lend material to any nation whose defense was vital to the US ● “Billions, not bodies” ● “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” ● Fire Hose Analogy ● Isolationists were very much against this ● By 1945, the US had lent $50 billion to the Allies

Unofficial War Begins (1941) ● The Atlantic Charter ● Churchill and FDR met and made a pledge ● Post-War World: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas ● FDR privately ensured Churchill that the US will enter the war ● Shoot on Sight ● Unofficial fighting between the US and German navies ● USS GREER WAS ATTACKED BY A U-BOAT AND USS REUBEN JAMES WAS SUNK BY A U-BOAT (1940) ● FDR instructed US Navy to engage German U-boats on sight ● Formal Declaration of War seemed inevitable, but…