PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION Karen Silvestri Instructor Reading 90
- Slides: 20
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION Karen Silvestri, Instructor Reading 90
Transitions Make logical relationships between ideas clear. Serve as a bridge between ideas Can appear at the beginning, the middle, or the end of a paragraph.
Types of Transitions Addition Examples or Illustrations Cause-Effect connections Chronology (Time) Contrasts
Listing Lists facts and/or details Each supporting sentence presents factual evidence to support the main idea the following, several, for example, for instance, one, another, also, too, in other words, first, second, numerals (1. , 2. ), letters (a. , b. ), most important, the largest, the least, finally
Listing TOPIC OR MAIN IDEA Fact 1 Fact 2 Fact 3
Time Order (Chronological) Used frequently in academic writing Follows events in time Example: This happened, then that happened, etc. First, second, later, before, next, as soon as, after, then, finally, meanwhile, following, last, during, in, on, when, until
Examples Gives specific examples to support the main topic. For example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, thus
Cause and Effect Offers the cause of something and its effects Answers the question “Why? ” Structure: A cause followed by an effect(s) Cause(s) Effect(s) Causes: because, because of, for, since, stems from, one cause is, one reason is, leads to, causes, creates, yields, produces, due to, breeds, for this reason Effects: consequently, results in, one result is, therefore, thus, as a result, hence
Process Shows a series of steps in a specific order Has two primary purposes: (1) to show to do something, (2) to show something occurred First, second, next, then, following, after that, last, finally
Compare and Contrast: shows how two things are different Compare: shows how two things are the same Similarities: both, also similarly, likewise, too, as well as, resembles, correspondingly, in the same way, to compare, in comparison, share Differences: unlike, differs from, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, despite, nevertheless, however, in spite of, whereas, as opposed to
Comparison ITEM A ITEM B Similarity 1 Similarity 2 Similarity 3
Contrast ITEM A ITEM B Difference 1 Difference 2 Difference 3
Compare & Contrast ITEM A ITEM B Similarities Differences
Definition Defines a thing or a concept is, refers to, can be defined as, means, consists of, involves, is a term that, is called, is characterized by, occurs when, are those that, entails, corresponds to, is literally
Definition Pattern TERM COMEDIAN General Group Entertainer Distinguishing feature Tells jokes Distinguishing feature Makes others laugh Distinguishing feature or Example of term Chevy Chase
Practice 1. 2. 3. Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. Several statistical procedures are used to track the changes in the divorce rate. Think of the hardware in a computer system as the kitchen in a short-order restaurant: It’s equipped to produce whatever output a customer (user) requests, but sits idle until an order (command) is placed.
Practice 1. Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. Pattern: cause and effect definition
Practice 2. Several statistical procedures are used to track the changes in the divorce rate. Pattern: Process Or Listing
Practice 3. Think of the hardware in a computer system as the kitchen in a short-order restaurant: It’s equipped to produce whatever output a customer (user) requests, but sits idle until an order (command) is placed. Pattern: Compare and Contrast
Resources Mc. Whorter, Kathleen T. Reading Across the Disciplines, 2 nd edition Anker, Susan. Real Writing, 4 th Edition Silvestri, Karen. Miscellaneous lesson plans.
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