Pathophysiology of digestion Pathophysiology of liver Disorder of

Disorder of stomach secretory function • • According to mechanism: Organic disturbances of stomach

The four inputs to parietal cells that regulate acid secretion by controlling the transfer

Disorder of stomach motor function Hypercinesis – increased motility Hypertonus – increased degree of

Gastric Juice Secretion, Mucosal Protection and Risk of Ulcer

Disorder of digestion in intestine • Disorders of the pick out of bile and

Consequences of Constipation and (Pseudo-)Obstruction

Etiology and pathogenesis of liver insufficiency • Infectious agents (hepatitis B virus, tuberculosis bacillus,

Clinical syndromes in liver injury Lack of liver disorders manifested its functions lesion: •

Cholelithiasis: Abnormal Cholesterol to Bile Salt Ratio

Clinical syndromes of jaundice • Acholia associated with non-receipt of bile in the intestine

Etiology and pathogenesis of jaundice • Jaundice - a syndrome caused by an increase

Mechanisms and Consequences of Cholestasis

Methods of experimental study of liver pathology • hepatic-cell failure simulating full or partial

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Pathophysiology of digestion. Pathophysiology of liver

Disorder of stomach secretory function • • According to mechanism: Organic disturbances of stomach glands Change I functional activity of secretory cells According to kind of disturbance Hypersecretion Hyposecretion

Key-points for hypersecretion

The four inputs to parietal cells that regulate acid secretion by controlling the transfer of the H, K-ATPase pumps in cytoplasmic vesicle membranes to the plasma membrane.

Gastritis

Disorder of stomach motor function Hypercinesis – increased motility Hypertonus – increased degree of contraction Hypocinesis - decreased motility Hypotonus - decreased degree of contraction Pathological reflexes • Nausea • Vomiting • Belching • •

Gastric Juice Secretion, Mucosal Protection and Risk of Ulcer

Disorders After Stomach Surgery

Disorder of digestion in intestine • Disorders of the pick out of bile and pancreatic juice are accompanied by disorders of all types of digestion, development of putrefaction and fermentation in the intestine (at closing, or squeezing the excretory ducts of glands in cystic fibrosis mucoviscidosis, because of pancreatic cancer, acute and chronic pancreatitis and duodenitis, violating the neurohumoral mechanisms of regulation of secretion, particular functions of the vagus nerve, the allocation of secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide). • Disorders of digestion of nutrients combined in maldigestion syndrome. • Malabsorption of substances in the gut combined into a syndrome, which is characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, protein deficiency, signs of hypovitaminosis.

Causes of Acute Pancreatitis

Consequences of Acute Pancreatitis

Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis

Consequences of Chronic Pancreatitis

Causes of Constipation

Consequences of Constipation and (Pseudo-)Obstruction

Etiology and pathogenesis of liver insufficiency • Infectious agents (hepatitis B virus, tuberculosis bacillus, helmints) • Hepatotropic poison (drugs - tetracycline, sulfonamides, industrial poisons - carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, chloroform, vegetable poisons - aflatoxin, muscarine) • Physical impacts (ionizing radiation) • Biological drugs (vaccines, serums) • Violation of blood circulation (thrombosis, embolism, venous congestion) • Endocrine pathology (diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism) • Tumors • Hereditary ensymopathy

Causes of Liver Failure

Consequences of Liver Failure

Fibrosis and Cirrhosis of the Liver

Clinical syndromes in liver injury Lack of liver disorders manifested its functions lesion: • metabolic (involved in carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism, metabolism of vitamins, hormones, biologically active substances) • protection (phagocytic and antitoxic) • digestive and excretory (the formation and release of bile) • hemodynamic (involved in maintaining systemic circulation).

Cholelithiasis: Abnormal Cholesterol to Bile Salt Ratio

Clinical syndromes of jaundice • Acholia associated with non-receipt of bile in the intestine due to violations of the formation and outflow of bile. Acholia manifested disorders of digestion and absorption of fats, hypovitaminosis A, E, K, decreased intake of unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids to build cell membranes, intestinal motility violation, increasing decay and fermentation. • Dyscholia - violation of the physical-chemical properties of bile, causing it acquires the ability to form stones (due to genetic predisposition, poor nutrition, metabolic disorders, infectious-inflammatory processes, cholestasis).

Cholelithiasis: Abnormal Cholesterol to Bile Salt Ratio

Etiology and pathogenesis of jaundice • Jaundice - a syndrome caused by an increase in blood bilirubin (hemolytic, parenchymal, mechanical). • In hemolytic jaundice due to destruction of a large number of red blood cells accumulate indirect, protein bound bilirubin. • When parenchymal jaundice disturbed capture, and excretion of bilirubin in hepatocytes due to their injuries. • In mechanical jaundice occurs outflow obstruction of bile, compression of biliary tract tumor or scar, closing within a stone, worms, thick bile.

Mechanisms and Consequences of Cholestasis

Methods of experimental study of liver pathology • hepatic-cell failure simulating full or partial removal of the liver, the introduction of poisons (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trinitrotoluene); • cholestatic model obtained by squising bile ducts by ligature; • hepatic vascular insufficiency simulating by overlapping portocaval anastomosis, ligation portal vein, hepatic artery.