PATHOLOGY STUDY Anatomical pathology morbid anatomy General pathology
PATHOLOGY STUDY • Anatomical pathology (morbid anatomy) Ø Ø General pathology Special / system-organ pathology • Clinical pathology (laboratory medicine) Ø Ø Ø Hematopathology Transfusion and transplantation pathology Chemical pathology Clinical immunology Clinical microbiology
Anatomical Pathology Units • • • Autopsy Pathology Surgical Pathology Cytopathology Immunopathology Histochemistry
Methods used in Pathology study • Gross Examination • Microscopic study • Special techniques
Autopsy Pathology
Autopsy = see through oneself Disseminated cancer
Surgical Pathology
Surgical Pathology
Tissue processor
Tissue processing steps Fixation - formalin Dehydration- alcohols Clearing - xylenes Infiltration - paraffin
PATHOLOGY (Greek : pathos = disease +logos) • A branch of medicine which treats of the essential nature of disease, especially of the structural and functional changes in tissue and organs of the body which cause or are caused by disease. • The structural and functional manifestations of disease.
Histotechnology embedding
Histotechnology Paraffin sectioning
Floating section ribbon
Routine Staining Hematoxylin & Eosin
Cryostat sectioning )frozen section(
Microtome in refrigerator minus 20 -25 deg. Celcius
Microscopy
Data processing
Surgical Pathology Report
Keeping microscopic slides
The cores of Pathology study • Aetiology • Cause • Pathogenesis • Mechanism • Morphologic changes • Structural alteration • Clinical manifestation • Functional consequence
Mechanisms of Diseases • • • Genetic disorders Biochemical (metabolic) disorders Physical injury Toxicology Immunology Infectious agents
Category of the Disease • • Congenital Traumatic Mechanical Inflammation Metabolic / endocrine Degenerative Growth disturbances/ Neoplasia
thoracoplagus
Infectious diseases Opisthorchis viverini Congenital Syphilis Acid fast bacilli
Cerebral malaria
Sarcoma of breast
Polydactyle
Trisomy 21 Mongolism (Down syndrome)
Trauma Crushed injury
CVA: Cerebral hemorrhage
obesity
Coccygeal teratomas
Brown atrophy
Atlas Book of maps Atlas One of the Titans who bore A volume of plates the earth on his shoulders. illustrative of subject.
Systems/Organs to be concentrated • • Head / Jaw & Neck Thyroid / Parathyroid & Adrenal gland Lung & Mediastinum Breast Gastrointestinal tract Hepatobiliary system including Pancreas Genitourinary tract Skin / Soft tissue mass lesion
Head/Jaw & Neck • Salivary gland tumors – Mixed tumor adenoid cystic carcinoma – Mucoepidermoid carcinoma – Warthin’s tumor – Jaw (mainly odontogenic) tumor: Ameloblastoma • Lymph node lesions – Tuberculosis – Lymphoid malignancy – Metastatic carcinoma
Thyroid • • Graves disease Hashimoto disease De. Quervain disease Follicular adenoma Follicular carcinoma Papillary carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Parathyroid • Adenoma • Hyperplasia
Lung & Mediastium: mass lesions • Non-neoplastic – Granuloma • Tuberculosis: tuberculoma • Non-tuberculous: fungal granuloma – Hamartoma • Neoplastic – – – Adenocarcinoma Squaous cell carcinoma Small cell carcinoma Thymoma Germ cell tumor
Breast • • Fibrocystic disease Fibroadenoma Phyllodes tumor DCIS – Comdeocarcinoma – Paget disease • Invasive ductal CA – Colloid carcinoma • Invasive lobular CA
Gastrointestinal tract: Esophagus & Stomach • Esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma • Peptic ulcer • Gastric neoplasm – Adenocarcinoma – Lymphoma – Stromal neoplasm: myoma & GIST
Small intestines • • • Meckel diverticulum Carcinoma Lymphoma Tuberculosis Crohn disease
Appendix and Large bowels • • Appendicitis Mucocele Carcinoid tumor Amoebiasis Ulcerative colitis Polyp / Polyposis coli Diverticulum / Diverticulosis Colonic carcinoma
Hepatobiliary system • Liver – Hepatocellular carcinoma – Cholangiocarcinoma • Gallbladder / Bile duct – Acute / chronic cholecystitis – Cholesterolosis – Carcinoma – Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma – Ampullary carcinoma
Pancreas • Pancreatitis: acute / chronic – Pseudocyst • Benign tumor – Microcystic adenoma – Mucinous cystadenoma • Malignant tumor – Carcinoma: ductal & acinic • Islet cell neoplasm
Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla • Cortical adenoma • Cortical hyperplasia – Conn syndrome – Cushing syndrome • Carcinoma • Phaeochromocytoma
Genitourinary tract • Renal mass – Angiomyolipoma – Transitional cell carcinoma – Renal cell carcinoma • Bladder tumor: Transitional cell CA • Testicular tumor: Seminoma
Skin • Epidermal cancer – Basal cell carcinoma – Squamous cell carcinoma – In situ sqaumous carcinoma • Melanotic lesion – Nevus – Malignant melanoma
Soft Tissue Tumors Malignant Benign • • Lipoma Hemangioma Leiomyoma Rhabomyoma Fibrous histiocytoma Neurofibroma Neurilemmoma • • • Liposarcoma Angiosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Malignant nerve sheath tumor
Tumor-like conditions • • • Hamartoma Nodular fasciitis Proliferative fasciitis Keloid Myositis ossificans Proliferative myositis Fibromatosis Desmoid tumor Traumatic neuroma
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