PATHOLOGY STUDY Anatomical pathology morbid anatomy General pathology

PATHOLOGY STUDY • Anatomical pathology (morbid anatomy) Ø Ø General pathology Special / system-organ pathology • Clinical pathology (laboratory medicine) Ø Ø Ø Hematopathology Transfusion and transplantation pathology Chemical pathology Clinical immunology Clinical microbiology

Anatomical Pathology Units • • • Autopsy Pathology Surgical Pathology Cytopathology Immunopathology Histochemistry

Methods used in Pathology study • Gross Examination • Microscopic study • Special techniques

Autopsy Pathology

Autopsy = see through oneself Disseminated cancer

Surgical Pathology

Surgical Pathology

Tissue processor

Tissue processing steps Fixation - formalin Dehydration- alcohols Clearing - xylenes Infiltration - paraffin

PATHOLOGY (Greek : pathos = disease +logos) • A branch of medicine which treats of the essential nature of disease, especially of the structural and functional changes in tissue and organs of the body which cause or are caused by disease. • The structural and functional manifestations of disease.

Histotechnology embedding

Histotechnology Paraffin sectioning

Floating section ribbon

Routine Staining Hematoxylin & Eosin

Cryostat sectioning )frozen section(

Microtome in refrigerator minus 20 -25 deg. Celcius

Microscopy

Data processing

Surgical Pathology Report

Keeping microscopic slides

The cores of Pathology study • Aetiology • Cause • Pathogenesis • Mechanism • Morphologic changes • Structural alteration • Clinical manifestation • Functional consequence

Mechanisms of Diseases • • • Genetic disorders Biochemical (metabolic) disorders Physical injury Toxicology Immunology Infectious agents

Category of the Disease • • Congenital Traumatic Mechanical Inflammation Metabolic / endocrine Degenerative Growth disturbances/ Neoplasia

thoracoplagus

Infectious diseases Opisthorchis viverini Congenital Syphilis Acid fast bacilli

Cerebral malaria

Sarcoma of breast

Polydactyle

Trisomy 21 Mongolism (Down syndrome)

Trauma Crushed injury

CVA: Cerebral hemorrhage

obesity

Coccygeal teratomas

Brown atrophy

Atlas Book of maps Atlas One of the Titans who bore A volume of plates the earth on his shoulders. illustrative of subject.

Systems/Organs to be concentrated • • Head / Jaw & Neck Thyroid / Parathyroid & Adrenal gland Lung & Mediastinum Breast Gastrointestinal tract Hepatobiliary system including Pancreas Genitourinary tract Skin / Soft tissue mass lesion

Head/Jaw & Neck • Salivary gland tumors – Mixed tumor adenoid cystic carcinoma – Mucoepidermoid carcinoma – Warthin’s tumor – Jaw (mainly odontogenic) tumor: Ameloblastoma • Lymph node lesions – Tuberculosis – Lymphoid malignancy – Metastatic carcinoma

Thyroid • • Graves disease Hashimoto disease De. Quervain disease Follicular adenoma Follicular carcinoma Papillary carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Parathyroid • Adenoma • Hyperplasia

Lung & Mediastium: mass lesions • Non-neoplastic – Granuloma • Tuberculosis: tuberculoma • Non-tuberculous: fungal granuloma – Hamartoma • Neoplastic – – – Adenocarcinoma Squaous cell carcinoma Small cell carcinoma Thymoma Germ cell tumor

Breast • • Fibrocystic disease Fibroadenoma Phyllodes tumor DCIS – Comdeocarcinoma – Paget disease • Invasive ductal CA – Colloid carcinoma • Invasive lobular CA

Gastrointestinal tract: Esophagus & Stomach • Esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma • Peptic ulcer • Gastric neoplasm – Adenocarcinoma – Lymphoma – Stromal neoplasm: myoma & GIST

Small intestines • • • Meckel diverticulum Carcinoma Lymphoma Tuberculosis Crohn disease

Appendix and Large bowels • • Appendicitis Mucocele Carcinoid tumor Amoebiasis Ulcerative colitis Polyp / Polyposis coli Diverticulum / Diverticulosis Colonic carcinoma

Hepatobiliary system • Liver – Hepatocellular carcinoma – Cholangiocarcinoma • Gallbladder / Bile duct – Acute / chronic cholecystitis – Cholesterolosis – Carcinoma – Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma – Ampullary carcinoma

Pancreas • Pancreatitis: acute / chronic – Pseudocyst • Benign tumor – Microcystic adenoma – Mucinous cystadenoma • Malignant tumor – Carcinoma: ductal & acinic • Islet cell neoplasm

Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla • Cortical adenoma • Cortical hyperplasia – Conn syndrome – Cushing syndrome • Carcinoma • Phaeochromocytoma

Genitourinary tract • Renal mass – Angiomyolipoma – Transitional cell carcinoma – Renal cell carcinoma • Bladder tumor: Transitional cell CA • Testicular tumor: Seminoma

Skin • Epidermal cancer – Basal cell carcinoma – Squamous cell carcinoma – In situ sqaumous carcinoma • Melanotic lesion – Nevus – Malignant melanoma

Soft Tissue Tumors Malignant Benign • • Lipoma Hemangioma Leiomyoma Rhabomyoma Fibrous histiocytoma Neurofibroma Neurilemmoma • • • Liposarcoma Angiosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Malignant nerve sheath tumor

Tumor-like conditions • • • Hamartoma Nodular fasciitis Proliferative fasciitis Keloid Myositis ossificans Proliferative myositis Fibromatosis Desmoid tumor Traumatic neuroma