Passive Active vs Passive Sentences Active The dog

Passive

Active vs. Passive Sentences • • Active The dog chased the boy. Passive The boy was chased by the dog. These sentences have the same meaning. Active sentence: – The dog Subj. – the boy Obj. • Passive sentence: – the dog O. of P. by – The boy Subj. • NOTE: The relationship of these phrases to the main verb does not change. Only the focus changes.

Forms of the Passive • BE + Past Participle • Simple Present – Planes are flown (by pilots). • Simple Past – The man was attacked (by a shark).

Negative Statements in the Passive • BE + NOT + Past Participle • Simple Present – Planes aren’t flown (by sailors). • Simple Past – The man wasn’t attacked (by a dog).

Yes/No Questions in the Passive • BE + Subject + Past Participle • Simple Present – Are planes flown (by pilots)? • Simple Past – Was the man attacked (by a shark)?

Wh-Questions in the Passive • Wh- + BE + Subject + Past Participle • Simple Present – How are planes flown (by pilots)? – NOTE: Who are planes flown by? • Simple Past – When was the man attacked (by a shark)? – NOTE: What was the man attacked by?

Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs • Transitive verbs are followed by an object. • An object is a noun or a pronoun. - Don threw the ball. The ball was thrown by Don. - Don threw it. It was thrown by Don. • Intransitive verbs are not followed by an object. - It rained. (no passive) - Don arrived on time. (no passive) - Don agreed to go to the movies. (no passive)

Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs • Some verbs have both transitive and intransitive uses. – Sarah walked. (no passive) – Sarah walked the dog. The dog was walked (by Sarah).

Using the BY-Phrase • Use a BY-Phrase when it is important to know who performed the action. – The door was fixed by Tom. • However, the active form is used if the focus is on the actor of the verb. – Tom fixed the door. • Passives are often used without the BY-Phrase. There is no need to use a BY-Phrase if the actor of the verb is: Ø Ø Unnecessary Understood Unimportant Unknown • English is spoken here. • My car was made in Italy. • Our house was built in 1986.

Passive Forms of the Present and Past Progressive • BE + BEING + Past Participle • Passive form of the Present Progressive – Daisy is being carried (by John). (John is carrying Daisy. ) – Our newspaper is being stolen (by someone). (Someone is stealing our newspaper. ) • Passive form of the Past Progressive – Daisy was being carried (by John). (John was carrying Daisy. ) – Our newspaper was being stolen (by someone). (Someone was stealing our newspaper. )

Passive Negative Statements in the Present and Past Progressive • BE + NOT + BEING + Past Participle • Present Progressive – Daisy isn’t being carried (by John). – Our newspaper isn’t being delivered (by anyone). • Past Progressive – Daisy wasn’t being carried (by John). – Our newspaper wasn’t being delivered (by anyone).

Yes/No Questions in the Passive (Progressive) • BE + Subject + BEING + Past Participle • Present Progressive – Is Daisy being carried (by John)? – Is our newspaper being delivered? • Past Progressive – Was Daisy being carried (by John)? – Was our newspaper being delivered?

Wh-Questions in the Passive (Progressive) • Wh- + BE + Subject + BEING + Past Participle • Present Progressive – How is Daisy being carried by John? – NOTE: Who is being carried by John? • Past Progressive – Why was the dog being chased by a cow? – NOTE: What was the dog being chased by?

Passive Forms of the Present & Past Perfect • Have/Had + BEEN + Past Participle • Present Perfect – The cake has been eaten by Tommy. • Past Perfect – The tires had been replaced.

Passive Negative Statements in Present & Past Perfect • Have/Had + NOT + BEEN + Past Participle • Present Perfect – The cake hasn’t been eaten by Tommy. • Past Perfect – The tires hadn’t been replaced.

Yes/No Questions in Present & Past Perfect (Passive) • Have/Had + Subject + BEEN + Past Participle • Present Perfect – Has the cake been eaten by Tommy? • Past Perfect – Had the tires been replaced?

Wh-Questions in Present & Past Perfect (Passive) • Wh- + Have/Had + Subject + BEEN + Past Participle • Present Perfect – Why has the plane been delayed? – NOTE: What has been delayed? • Past Perfect – When had the tires been replaced? – NOTE: What had been replaced before you went to the auto shop?

Passive Forms of the Future • Will/Be going to + BE + Past Participle – The letter will be sent tomorrow. – The letter is going to be sent tomorrow.

Passive Negative Statements in Future • Will/Be going to + NOT + BE + Past Participle – The letter won’t be sent tomorrow. – The letter isn’t going to be sent tomorrow.

Yes/No Questions in Future (Passive) • Will + Subject + BE + Past Participle • Be + Subject + going to + BE + Past Participle – Will the letter be sent tomorrow? – Is the letter going to be sent tomorrow?

Wh-Questions in Future (Passive) • Wh- + Will + Subject + BE + Past Participle • Wh- + Be + Subject + going to + BE + Past Participle – When will the letter be sent? – When is the letter going to be sent?

What is the difference in meaning? • He welcomed his friends. • He was welcomed by his friends. • He was welcoming.