PASS n n Prioritize objectives n Adapt instruction
PASS變項 n 是一種思考和達成差異化、融合教學的方式 n Prioritize objectives 設定目標的優先順序 n Adapt instruction, materials, or the environment 調整教學、教材或環境 n Systematically teach with the “SCREAM” variables 有系統地使用「SCREAM」變項 教學 n n 8 Structure, clarity, redundancy, enthusiasm, appropriate rate, maximized engagement 結構、清晰、多餘、熱情、適當速度、最大參與 Systematically evaluate outcomes 系統化地評量成果
有高度魅力老師的特質 n n 學業參與度是孩子開啟和執行學習活動的強烈程度 和情緒品質 四個跟教學參與度有關的主題 n 教學品質 n 對學生需求的回應 n 教室中的社會情緒風氣 n 學生的自主權 The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Differentiated Instruction, 5 th ed. , Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, ISBN 0132659859 © 2014, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9
效果量 什麼是對身障生有效的介入方式?後設分析的摘要 (Forness, 2001) 1. 2 1 0. 8 ct size 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 Perceptual Diet (Kavale) 知覺訓練 飲食 Modality (Kavale) Direct Ins. (White) Reading Comp (Berkeley) 物理療法 直接教學 閱讀理解 Mnemonic (Scruggs) 記憶術
學困生的寫作補救教學後設分析 (GILLESPIE &GRAHAM, IN PRESS) 平均效果量 1. 2 1. 09 1 0. 8 0. 57 0. 6 0. 55 0. 43 0. 4 0. 3300000 0001 0. 24 0. 2 策略教導 設定目標 聽寫 過程寫作 寫作前活動 流程協助 Dictation Process Writing Prewriting 0 Strategy Goal Setting Instruction Procedural Facilitation
GRAPH ESSAY AND RATE PERFORMANCE 圖表化的文章和表現評分 POW + TREE記錄表
研究 時數 設計 樣本(112) SRSD(Pow-Tree) 持續時間 Mastropieri (2010) Design study 10 8 th graders, separate setting Multi Paragraphs 4 days wk/ 55 sessions 26. 6 Mastropieri (2009) Multiple baseline 12, 8 th graders, separate setting MP 1 st + Fluency 2 nd 4 days wk/ 50 sessions 25 Mastropieri (2012) Multiple baseline 12, 8 th graders, inclusive school MP + Counterarguments 1 st + Fluency 2 nd 5 days wk/ 18. 4 sessions 13. 8 Cerar (2012) Multiple baseline 7, 7 th-8 th graders, inclusive school PC Fluency 1 st + MP 2 nd 5 days wk/ 33. 4 sessions 22. 7 Hauth (2012) Multiple baseline 8, 7 -8 th graders, inclusive school PC 1 st + Content Focus 2 nd (measured planning) 5 days wk/ 9. 7 sessions 7. 5 Mills (2012) Multiple baseline 10, 7 -8 th graders, inclusive school MPC 1 st + Peer Revision 2 nd 5 days wk/ 17. 5 sessions 14. 4 Mastropieri (submitted) Group Exp 32, 8 th graders, separate setting MP – wait list control group 5 days wk/ 10 sessions 4. 5 Cuenca. Group Exp Sanchez (2012) 21, 7 th graders, separate setting MPC + self determination 4 days wk/ 33 sessions 16. 5 (5 MB, 3 group) (M=16. 4, SD =8. 01)
學生前測的作文 作文提示: Should parents restrict what type of music you listen to? 父母應該限制你聽何種類型的音樂嗎? Should parents restrict what type of music you listen to I think not. I think we should be able to listen to any type of music we want to.
同一學生在後測所寫的文章:是否該讓你這個年齡的學生獨自去看家鄉 足球隊的主場球賽? Students my age should be allowed to go to the Redskins home games alone. Because every one likes football, someone older might not be able to take them, it’s the Redskins they rule, and kids my age are responsible. To begin student my age should be able to go to the Redskins home games. Because every one likes football and would like to go alone. I would love to go to a Redskins home game. Also some football fans like to watch the game alone or with kids there age. Plus some older people might not be able to take you. They might have to do some work. Plus they should trust you to go alone. I know if my parents could not take me some were I would go by my self. One Time they could not take to the skatepark so they let me and my brother skate up there.
同一人的作品 (續) Also it’s the Redskins the rule. The Redskins are a fun team to watch. Some of tmy favorit Redskins players are Portis, Cooly, Moss, and Randle EL. The skins hate the cowboys and so do I. The Redskins are 6 -5 five I would love to watch them go 7 -5. Finaly kids my age are very responsible. We would go to the game and come right back. We would know were to go. We would be on are best behavior. Also we are at that age where we need to so dome stuff on our own. All things considered students my age should be able to go to a Redskins home game alone because every one likes football, some one older might not be able to take you, it’s the Redskins, and kids my age are responsible.
8份研究的整體作文品質 (樣本數為 112) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 基準線 Baseline 介入後 Quality Post Intervention 品質 維持期 Maintenance 類化期 Generalization p <. 028 all baseline with post measure comparisons, Wilcoxin Signed Ranks Tests
文章長度: 8份研究 Mastropieri (2009) Mastropieri (2012) Cerar (2012) Hauth (2012) Mills (2012) Cuenca-Sanchez (in press) Mastropieri (2010) Mastropieri (submitted) io iz at ra l en e 維持期 G nt ai M 後測 2 n e en an c 2 Ph as e 1 e Ph as 後測 1 Po st 基準線 Po st Ba se lin e 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 類化期
文章組織: 8份研究 Mastropieri (2009) Mastropieri (2012) Cerar (2012) Hauth (2012) Mills (2012) Mastropieri (2010) Mastropieri (submitted) Cuenca-Sanchez (in press) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 基準線 後測 1 後測 2 n e iz at ra l G en e nt ai M io en an c 2 Po st Ph as e 1 Ph as e Po st Ba se lin e 0 維持期 類化期
文章品質: 8份研究 Mastropieri (2009) Mastropieri (2012) Cerar (2012) Hauth (2012) Mills (2012) Mastropieri (2010) Manuscript (submitted) Cuenca-Sanchez (in press) 基準線 後測 1 後測 2 n e iz at ra l G en e nt ai M io en an c 2 Po st Ph as e 1 Ph as e Po st Ba se lin e 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 維持期 類化期
實驗設計的頻率:受試者的分配 30 25 隨機分派學生 20 隨機分派教師或班級 15 無隨機分派、配對 10 視狀況方便 5 前測─後測 0 random assignment of students random assignmnet of classes or teachers non random assignment, matching convenience pre-post
各種分組方式的效果量 1. 4 1. 2 1. 18 1. 16 1. 1 1 0. 670000001 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 l 8) ua id v di n I 個人 p G ll (2 a Sm 小組(2~8人) e rg La G p 1 9 - 5) ( 大組(9~15人) le s as l C ho W 全班
各種教學方式的效果量 (SCRUGGS ET AL. , 2012) 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 1. 2 1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 1. 68 1. 39 0. 94 0. 83 ( er Pe 同儕 0. 63 0. 58 0. 48 4) ) n -o ds n Ha 1. 09 4) 7) (3 ( AI C 電腦輔 實作 助教學 ia at Sp 空間 ) ) 1 l( ds dy u St (4 Ai 學習幫手 介入方式 ie eg s ) (9 ic t ra St 策略 on m M ne 3) 9 (1 記憶術 ( it ic l xp E 外顯教學
學習輔助 有架構的大綱:山的類型 I. Folded Mountains 皺摺山 A. Formed by the "folding" of rock layers. 1. Most occurred when __________. 2. When this (1) happened, the rocks ____. B. Many important mountain ranges are folded mountains. 1. The world's highest mountains, including ______ and _______ , are folded mountains. 2. In America, _____ are folded mountains. II. _________ Mountains A. Formed when molten rock rises through the Earth's crust. 1. Molten rock is known as __________. 2. Pools of _______ get bigger, and ______.
Wolframite (wolf) = Hardness level 4 (floor) Black in color, used in making light bulbs
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