Parts taken from the emperor MARCUS AURELIUS Yellow

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Parts taken from the emperor MARCUS AURELIUS Yellow

Parts taken from the emperor MARCUS AURELIUS Yellow

 • Attic is decorated with 8 rectangular reliefs, between the Dacian captives Commemorate

• Attic is decorated with 8 rectangular reliefs, between the Dacian captives Commemorate Marcus Aurelius Victory in Germany & Eastern Europe. 4 on Each side.

On the north side is: Emperor entering Rome ( ), emperor leaving the city,

On the north side is: Emperor entering Rome ( ), emperor leaving the city, distrubiting money to the people (donatio) and surrender of a barbarian chief. On the south side: another Barbarian chief surrenders, prisoners are shown being lead to the emperor, and the last two are Marcus Aurelius addressing his troops (oratio), and doing a sacrifice with them. The heads are 18 th cent restorations. These reliefs (of him Accepting the surrender Of German prisoners) all show Marcus Aurelius’ virtue of Clementia – forbearance And moderation

Parts taken from the emperor Hadrian Blue

Parts taken from the emperor Hadrian Blue

Hadrian: Blue • The roundels 2. 36 m diameter 4 on each Side. North

Hadrian: Blue • The roundels 2. 36 m diameter 4 on each Side. North side: (L-R): a boar hunt, sacrifice to Apollo, Lion hunt, sacrifice to Hercules. South side: (L-R): hunting emperor, sacrifice to Silvanius (Italian nature god), bear hunt, sacrifice to Diana These commemorate the Emperor’s love of hunting & his devotion to the gods. Hunting also represents the quality of virtus – courage, determination, manliness & piety in his sacrifice

Parts taken from the emperor COnstantine Green

Parts taken from the emperor COnstantine Green

Relief from Constantine period is highlighted

Relief from Constantine period is highlighted

Reliefs from constantine’s era • Inscriptions over the roundels commemorate the 10 th anniversary

Reliefs from constantine’s era • Inscriptions over the roundels commemorate the 10 th anniversary of Constantine’s rule in 315 AD (this is where the dates for the arch come from)

 • The long narrow frieze below the roundels shows episodes in Constantine’s life

• The long narrow frieze below the roundels shows episodes in Constantine’s life • West – constantine’s army leaving Milan • South – seige of Verona -Battle at Milvian bridge where Maxentius died • East – Constantine enters Rome in triumph • North – Constantine addresses the people in Roman Forum (Oratio) - Constantine distributes money to them (Donatio) showing his generosity

 • On the east and west sides of the arch (the short sides)

• On the east and west sides of the arch (the short sides) are two roundels. • West – Moon (Luna) setting • East – sun (Sol) rising in a chariot …Both carved in high relief

Also from constantine • Winged figures of victory in spandrels of central arch •

Also from constantine • Winged figures of victory in spandrels of central arch • Personifications of the 4 seasons beneath figures of victory • River gods in spandrels of side arches • Pedestals of column bases decorated with Victory, Roman Soliders & Barbarian captives

Why use sculpture from other emperors? • Taking reliefs from earlier monuments shows an

Why use sculpture from other emperors? • Taking reliefs from earlier monuments shows an element of nostalgia for Rome’s ‘golden age’of prosperity, wealth, success, military victories and when the Empire was at its height. This is one of the reasons for the choice of the monuments used. • It linked Constantine with previous good emperors and their qualities • There was possible a decline in skilled sculptors

Stylistic features • On panels of Trajan there is use of perspective, front figures

Stylistic features • On panels of Trajan there is use of perspective, front figures carved in high relief, and back in low • Marcus Aurelius reliefs are very static, formal composition & less figures. This is because they have a symbolic function representing ideas & virtues. Marcus Aurelius is positioned higher so it draws attention to him • Hadrian’s roundels are very simple – only a few characters & depth achieved with high & low relief • Constantine’s panels do not have the same attention to detail or modelling. The decoration is very flat & shallow

Constantine Relief donatio Emperor sitting on a raised platform to emphasis his importance &

Constantine Relief donatio Emperor sitting on a raised platform to emphasis his importance & surrounded by ministers and Advisers, (all dressed in toga contablulata) A lot of movement in their heads. Oratio: Statues Of Marcus Aurelius & Hadrian feature In this relief as background. (Representing Virtue and piety, as these emperors both Had strong reputations for having these qualities)

Hippo and arch!!!

Hippo and arch!!!